27 senior high school. Since, the researcher designed a set of materials for the second
semester only so that the texts used were a narrative text and a hortatory exposition text. Additionally, the researcher only focused on a speaking skill.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide further explanation related to speaking, a narrative text, and a hortatory exposition text.
a. The Nature of Speaking
According to Widdowson 1978, p.57, speaking and listening are the expressed language through the aural medium. Nunan 2003, p.48 adds that
“speaking is a productive oral skill” as cited by Adipranata, 2009. Speaking is called as a productive skill because it tends to be active and produce something
through speaking. The act of speaking involves not only the production of sound but also the gesture, the movements, the face expression, and indeed the whole
body Widdowson, 1978, p.59. Nunan 1989, p.26 adds “spoken language consists of short, often
fragmentary utterances, in a range of pronunciations”. Pronunciation can refer to many features of speech stream, such as individual sounds, volume, speed,
pausing, stress, and intonation Louma, 2004, p.11. Therefore, the ability to pronounce well is also considered in communicating.
Brown and Yule 1983 also draw a useful distinction between two basic language functions. These are the transactional function and the interactional
function. The transactional function is primarily concerned with the information transfer, and the interactional function in which the primary purpose of speech is
28 the maintenance of social relationships as cited by Nunan, 1989, p.27. Another
distinction in developing the speaking skill is between the monologue and dialogue Nunan, 1989, p.27.
In this study, speaking is a skill which was focused on in teaching learning activities. The speaking competence standard of the curriculum is to express
meaning in the transactional and interpersonal conversation in the context of daily life. As such, the activities of speaking materials were based on the context in
daily life in a form of conversation, either a monologue or a dialogue. This is in line with Nunan’s 1989, p.27 idea in developing a speaking skill is between
monologues and dialogues. The other speaking competence standard is to express meaning in a form of short functional text and in a form of essay: a narrative text,
a spoof text and a hortatory exposition text based on the context in daily life. However, the researcher did not use three types of those texts, the researcher was
only used two of those texts namely a narrative text and a hortatory exposition text. Since the researcher chose CLT as the basic method of teaching, CLT was
used to teach speaking related to a narrative text and a hortatory exposition text for the eleventh grade social science students of SMA N 1 Depok, Sleman.
b. Teaching Narrative in Senior High School
