G. Validity and Reliability of Data
Data obtained from the research must be valid and reliable. The researcher used the Anderson’s validity to see the validity of the data. Based on
Anderson in Burns 1999:161-162, there are five validity criteria that can ensure the validity of action research. They are: 1 democratic validity, 2
outcome validity, 3 process validity, 4 catalytic validity and, 5 dialogic validity. They are explained as follows:
1. Democratic validity
Democratic validity is related to stakeholders’ chances to give their
opinion, idea, and comment about the implication of the action research. In order to get democratic validity, the researcher interviewed the students of VIII
D and discussed with the teacher to find out the students’ problem in writing.
In the interview and discussion, the stakeholders were given chances to express their ideas, opinion and attitudes toward the problems faced, whereas the focus
was to look for the solution of the problems. The interview was conducted during the research.
2. Outcome validity
Outcome validity is related to the notions of actions leading to outcomes that are successful within the context. The achievement of the
outcome involved not only problem solving but also appearing new questions in the related research Madya 2006: 40. To get the outcome validity, the
researcher put back the problems at the VIII D students of SMP 3 Berbah in a scheme in order to make new questions. The researcher did it while doing the
reflection in the end of the action. This research was expected to solve some problems, those are writing skills, classroom interaction, and confidence
in writing. The outcome validity is related to the process of the action.
3. Process Validity
Process validity is closely related to the reliability and competency of the researcher itself. To get the process validity, the researcher collected the
data by doing observation, and notes during the actions. The researcher observed the teaching and learning process by using observation checklists and
field notes, interviewed the students, and had discussions with the English teacher, and the collaborator.
4. Catalytic validity
Catalytic validity is related to the extent in which the research could allow the participants to understand the social context. To achieve this validity,
the researcher asked the students and the teacher’s response after the
implementation of the actions.
5. Dialogic validity
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