xxii in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” 1974:14.
This opinion describes that considering the style of language in the translation is also important besides transferring the idea of the source language
into the target language as the main priority. From those definitions above, we can conclude that translation is the
process of transferring ideas, thought, and message from the source language SL into the target language TL, in the written or spoken form by considering the
accuracy of the transferring message, the acceptability, the form and also the style of the language.
B. The Objectives of Translation
Nida 1964:158 states: “He the translator is not content to translate in such a way that the people are likely to understand; rather, he insists that the
translation must be so clear that no one can possibly misunderstand”. From the statement above, it can be concluded that translation is meant to
help the readers who do not understand the SL to catch the message and to have the same impression, therefore the readers are not aware that they are reading a
translation work.
C. The Types of Translation
xxiii Catford defines that there are three types of translation. They are word-for-
word translation, free translation and literal translation: The three types of translation will be explained below.
1. Word-for-word Translation
Catford states: “word-for-word translation generally means what it says: i.e. is essentially rank-bound at word-rank but may include some morpheme-
morpheme equivalences” 1974:25. In word-for-word translation, the translator only transfers the meaning of every word from SL to TL without paying any
attention to the structure of the TL. This type of translation can only be applied on sentence of SL which has the same structure as the TL.
Example: SL:
She always looks fierce.
TL: Dia selalu kelihatan garang.
In this example, the translation is categorized as rank-bound at word-rank. Every word in the source language is translated word-by word into target
language. 2. Free Translation
Catford defines free translation as follows: “A free translation is always unbounded – equivalences shunt up and down the rank scale, but tend to be at the
higher rank – sometimes between larger units than the sentence” 1974:25. In free translation, the translator is free to translate the text without
changing the idea and the message from the SL into the TL. The translator may change a word into a phrase, or may change a phrase into a clause or a sentence.
xxiv Its aim is to make the content of the SL more understandable by the reader when
they read the text in TL form. In free translation, the translator must have the ability to understand all the sentences in one paragraph or even one discourse as a
whole in order to avoid misunderstanding the meaning of the material in the target language.
Example: SL: Janis Ian: This is ass, you guys
TL: kita gagal.
In the example above, the choice of equivalent word is different. The numbers of both languages are also different. The translation of the sentence
above is not translated word by word. Although the form and structure of TL are not the same as those of the SL, we can catch the message of the text by
considering the context of situation in the movie. 3. Literal Translation
Literal translation lies between word-for-word translation and free translation. The translator translates the text by using word-for-word translation
and then some parts are changed in conformity with the grammatical system of the target language. According to Catford “Literal translation lies between these
extremes; it may start, as it were, from a word-for word translation, but make changes in conformity with the TL grammar i.e. inserting additional words,
changing structure at any rank, etc; this may make it a group-group or clause- clause translation” 1974:25.
Example: SL: This is Damian, hes almost too gay to function.
xxv
TL: Ini Damien, Ia sangat feminin.
In the example above, the beginning of the source language sentence is translated by using word-for-word translation but still pay attention on the
grammatical system of the TL. In the translation, not all of the words are translated. Nevertheless, the message of the source language is as same as the
target language.
D. The Process of Translation
