8 the instructional program Marsden, 1991. In this study, evaluation can be
shown as a final result of the learning process. The evaluation of the course itself helps to asses whether the course objectives and the program are doing
what they were designed to do. Through the evaluation which containing several reports about the learning and teaching progress; teachers, school,
and the other educators can analyze the better quality of teaching.
4. Collaborative Teaching Program
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, program itself can be defined as an educational course in which the material to be learnt is
presented in small, carefully graded, amount. 1994: 995. From this definition, the writer redefined program in this study as a self instruction
which is put into effect in a classroom situation. In addition, collaborative teaching itself is not only interesting and creative in the planning, but
provides opportunities for teachers to share their expertise Minnett et al., 1997. According to this study, the term of collaborative teaching program
can be seen as a situation where teachers and educators in team are looking forward to preparing and would not willingly return to prepare alone. They
would much rather prepare with capable partners who know the students’ needs and understand the goals for learning.
5. The Twelfth Grade Students
The twelfth grade students are the third-year students who study in Stella Duce I Senior High School Yogyakarta.
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6. Stella Duce I Senior High School Yogyakarta
Stella Duce I Senior High School Yogyakarta refers to a Private Catholic Senior High School for female students in Yogyakarta. Amongst high
schools in Yogyakarta, only this school has a collaborative English teaching program with ELTI, an English course in Yogyakarta.
7. ELTI Yogyakarta
ELTI English Language Training International refers to English course in Yogyakarta whereas amongst English course in Yogyakarta, only ELTI has
a collaborative teaching program with Stella Duce I Senior High School Yogyakarta.
8. Fluency
According to Bailey 2005: 5, fluency, on the other hand, is the capacity to speak fluidly, confidently, and at a rate consistent with the norms of the
relevant native speech community. Based on Bailey theory, students at the beginning and intermediate levels of language learning are still developing
their proficiency, fluency, and accuracy often work against each other.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description
This chapter presents some meaningful reviews from many sources to help develop the writing process of the thesis and dealing with the study conducted.
First, this chapter will include, speaking, collaborative, evaluation, the review of instructional design, and students’ characteristic. Second it will deal with the
theoretical framework of the study.
1. Speaking
a. The Nature of Speaking
Speaking is a fundamental human behavior that could not be stopped analyzing unless there is something noticeable about it. According to Savignon
1991, “we often talk about the four skills in language teaching.” They are speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language generated by the learner in
speech or writing is productive, and language directed at the learner in reading or listening is receptive. Modality refers to the medium of the message auraloral
or written. In addition, Savignon also added that speaking is the productive auraloral
skill and consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning. Another researcher, Florez 1999: 1 stated that “speaking is an interactive process
of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information.”
