meanings of a given-linguistic discourse from one language to another, rather than the words or grammatical structures of the original. As a result, translators should
look briefly at the most significant and recent developments in the field of study of meaning, or semantics.
The last but not least is the definition of translation proposed by Ordudari 2008. He claimed that translation is simply the exchange of one set of clothes for
another set of clothes that will cover the same meaning or thought. However, when translators think of translation culture, first they must understand its
background and give some thought to the age in which it was born. Based on some definitions from the translation theorists above, the writer
can conclude that translation is basically an activity of transferring meaning of the source language text by the closest natural equivalent target language text.
2.2.1.2 Kinds of Translation
There are many translation theorists proposed the types or kinds of translation. One of them is Larson 1984. He claimed that there are two kinds of translation.
The first one is form-based translation, which refers to the kind of translation which attemps to follow the form of the source language and is known as literal
translation. In contrast with the form-based translation, the second kind of translation suggested by Larson, namely meaning based translation, attempts to
communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language and is known as idiomatic translation. In terms of kind of
translation, Larson also stated that the translator’s goal is an idiomatic translation. 11
Another suggestion about the types of translation is proposed by Catford 1965. According to Catford, there are some broad types or categories of
translation in terms of extents, levels, and ranks. In terms of extent, there are full translation and partial translation. In full
translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process, i.e. every part of the SL text is replaced by the TL text material. In contrast, in partial translation,
some part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated. In the terms of levels, there are total translation and restricted translation.
In total translation, all of the levels of the SL are replaced by the TL material. This kind of translation is a misleading for the total replacement of every single part is
not replacement by equivalent at all levels. Meanwhile, restricted translation is the replacement of a source language textual material by an equivalent target
language textual material at only one level. The translation is performed only at the graphological or morphological level, or at only of the two levels of grammar
and lexis. In terms of ranks, there are bounded translation and free translation. In
bounded translation, the attempt is done to select the target language equivalent at the same rank e.g. word-to-word or morpheme to morpheme, while the free
translation is always unbounded in case that equivalences shunt up and down the ranks scale, but tend to be at the higher ranks which are sometimes between larger
units than the sentence. 12
2.2.1.3 Steps in a Translation Project
