this deletion occurred in the proper noun. It is the geographical name that is typically German.
b. Examples:
Dneper, Dnepropetrovsk, Dniester
Phonological rule: [d] → Ø __ [n] Description: [d] is deleted when it is followed by [n] at the beginning of a
word Meanwhile, the second rule for d-deletion is applied for dn cluster. It also
happens in the proper name. Unlike dt cluster that is observed in the German name, dn cluster is characteristically found in Russian name. The instances are
the names of Dneper ˈniːp ə, Dnepropetrovsk ˌnep rəʊ pe ˈtr fsk,and Dniester
ˈniːst ə. Likewise, this cluster is occurred in the initial position of the word.
3. The Stop g Deletion
The g-deletion can be put into two phonological rules. They include gn cluster, gm cluster, gl cluster, and gh cluster. The [g] is deleted when it is
followed by nasal bilabial [m], nasal alveolar stop [n], alveolar approximant [l], and glottal fricative [h]. The rules will be exemplified as below
a. Examples:
gnarled, gnash, gnome, gnu beignet,
bolognaise, lasagna,
mignonette, foreigner,
physiognomic, sovereignty arraign,
malign, oppugn apothegm, paradigm, phlegm
Phonological rule: [g] → Ø __
Description: [g] is deleted when it is followed by [n] or [m] at the beginning of a word or a syllable, or at the end of a word or at
a syllable boundary The first classification rule for g-deletion is the cluster gn and gm
where [g] is followed by nasal stop [n] and [m]. For gn cluster, the position can be in the initial, intermediate, and final. The examples of the deletion at the
beginning of the word are in the words gnarled n ːld, gnash næʃ, gnome
n
əʊm, and gnu nuː. Then the examples of g-deletion at the end of a word are in the words arraign
ə ˈre n,
malign m
ə ˈla n, and oppugn ə ˈpjuːn. Meanwhile, in terms of syllable boundary, the deletion happens in the words like beignet
ˈbe n je , bolognaise ˌb l ə ˈne z, lasagna ləˈzæn jə, mignonette miːn jə ˈnet, foreigner
ˈf r ən ə, physiognomic ˌf z i‿ə ˈn m k, and sovereignty ˈs v rən ti.
Similarly, the gm cluster occurs at the end of the words like in the words
apothegm ˈæp ə θem, paradigm ˈpær ə da m, and phlegm flem.
b. Examples:
Cagliari, Cagliostro, Dallaglio, intaglio, zabaglione
Callaghan, Monaghan,
Phonological rule: [g] → Ø __ Description: [g] is deleted when it is followed by [l], or [h] at the syllable
boundary The second rule for g-deletion is the deletion with cluster gl and gh. In
this sense, the deletion takes place in the syllable boundary. It is between other syllables in the word, or, to restate, it is in the intermediate position. The examples
for gl cluster are the words Cagliari ˌkæl i ˈ ːr i, Cagliostro ˌkæl i ˈ s trəʊ,
Dallaglio d
ə ˈlæl i əʊ, intaglio n ˈt ːl i‿əʊ, and zabaglione ˌzæb əl ˈjəʊn i. In
this sense, the cluster gl where the [g] is deleted is typically an Italian cluster.
Meanwhile, the examples of gh cluster are the words Callaghan
ˈkæl ə hən
and Monaghan
ˈm n ə hən.
4. The Stop p Deletion
