[p] → Ø __
e.g. Pfeiffer, pfennig, Pfizer psalm, psalter, pseudo, pshaw, psoas, psych
vi. The deletion of bilabial stop [p] that is preceded by bilabial nasal stop [m] and
followed by voiced stop [b] and [d] in the initial syllable. The formulation can be stated as below.
[p] → Ø [m] __
e.g. Campbell, Campbeltown, Miscampbell Campden, Hampden,
vii. The deletion of voiceless alveolar stop [t] that is preceded by voiceless alveolar
fricative [s] and followed by lateral [l] and schwa [ ən] at the syllable boundary.
The rules can be formed as follows.
[t] → Ø [s] __
e.g. apostle, bristle, castle, hostler, mistletoe chasten, fasten, glisten, moisten
By recognizing the points above, there are some important points which can be outlined to restate the parts of these phonological rules for stop deletion. The
aspects can be drawn on based on the typical phoneme that follows or precedes the stop, the other incidents beside the deletion, and its relation to the phonotactic
idealization.
a. Typical Phoneme Following or Preceding Stop
This study examines the occurrence of stop deletion in orthographical consonant clusters of English. By looking at the phonological rules presented
above, there are at least seven phonemes that follow or precede the stop in the occurrence of deletion. They are nasals m and n, oral stop t, fricatives h, f,
s, and approximants l.
The first types of phonemes are nasals m and n. By identifying the data, the stop can be deleted if they are preceded or followed by nasals. In this respect,
the nasal n follows stops like d Dneper, g gnarled, foreigner, align, p pneumonia, k knock, unknown, and m mnemonic. The cluster n plus a
stop take place in the initial position except for gn cluster where it may appear in the initial, intermediate, and final position. Meanwhile, the nasal m precedes a
stop like b beachcomber, bomb or n autumn.
The second type of phoneme is the oral stop t. It is found in the b-deletion
debt, doubtful, d-deletion Schmidt, and p-deletion pterodactyl. The t is
observed in the second sequence of cluster after the stop that is deleted. Specifically, these consonants have more or less similar features in terms of
manner of articulation stop. Also, in terms of place features, they can be categorized as anterior. In this sense, the cluster can be found in the initial
position, intermediate, as well as in the final position of the word. The third kinds of phonemes are fricatives h, f, and s. These fricatives
are basically closely related in terms of place feature [+anterior] and [+continuant]. Likewise, they occur in the second sequence of the cluster after the
stop. The phoneme h follows the stop of g Callaghan, the f follows the stop of p pfennig, and the s follows the stop of p pseudo.
The fourth phoneme that follows a stop in the deletion is the approximant
l. It is found in g-deletion like Cagliari, Cagliostro, and Dallaglio. In this sense,
