above. The second problem, a set of two or more letters can be utilized to signify a single segment. The examples are in the words think where the th represents a
single segment θ and philosophy where the phi and phy represent a single
segment f. The third problem, a single letter can signify a set of two or more segments. The instance is the word saxophone where the x represents two
segments ks. The fourth problem, the same letter can signify distinct segments in different words. The example is the letter o that can represent segment
ɒ as in the word on, or ow as in the word bone, or
ʌ as in the word son, or wʌ as in the word one. The fifth problem, the same segment can be signified by distinct
letters in distinct words. The example is the segment u that can be represented in the words rude, loop, soup, new, to, and two.
Sequentially, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 2003: 71, 236, 589 define orthography as the written form of a language, or simply stated as spelling. They
relate that each word conveys a sound-meaning unit and it is stored in our mental lexicon. It then determines its pronunciation and its meaning with the
corresponding words. In this state, though alphabetic spelling signifies the pronunciation of the words, nonetheless, orthography does not represent the sound
of the words systematically in a language. The production of the different sounds as they are spelled in English words is moreover confusing since one letter may
represent some several different sounds. Thus, the inconsistency between orthography and sounds unceasingly occurs in English.
11. The Relation between Orthography and Phonology
Orthography and spoken language that are discussed in this study are closely related to the consonant cluster in terms of written language. In this extent,
orthography can be simply stated as the spelling in writing. The orthography may or may not reveal the occurrence of the stop deletion in English. Since in the
pronunciation the stop can be mute or permanently disappeared, in this case, they are two prominent
−but slightly different− types of stop deletion in the consonant
cluster that will be studied. First is letter silencing. That is, the letter which exists
in the word but it is silent not uttered sounded in the pronunciation. Second is
sound muting . It is basically a sound which is systematically deleted in some
words but it may appear on the other derived words non-permanent. As stated before, in English, there are some inconsistencies between
spellings compared to the sounds. There may be different spellings for the same sound and vice versa. The main problem here is that, the spelling system
orthography in English is irregular and does not represent sounds completely and consistently Radford et al.,2009: 29. With regard to this, it is realized that
some sounds are not just given by the symbol at all. For instance, most of the speakers will distinguish the different vowel in a middle sound of put
ʊ and putt ʌ. Nevertheless, in fact, the difference is never made in the writing system that is
written with the same symbol u. The new modern movement of orthography system has led the discrepancies
of spelling and sounds in English Fromkin, et al., 2000: 504. It is the so-called orthoepists.
At this point, it can be indicated that the orthography of most English words at present is derived from the English spoken in the fourteenth, fifteenth,
and sixteenth centuries. At that time, spellers did not have to spell the same words uniformly. In other words, they might have different spellings and it they were
acceptable.
When it came to the spelling reform times, the so-called archaic and idiosyncratic spellings spread out in the printing press era and the orthography
became more permanent. There were many words became misspelt because most of the early printers were not English native speakers. By this situation, spelling
reformers spotted that there was a need for the uniformity of the spelling to reflect the pronunciation of the word. However, many scholars were relatively over
enthusiastic and eager to modify the spelling not only correspond with the pronunciation but also with their etymologies. Thus, by the reference of Classical
Greek and Latin, some of English words were made comparatively with these origins. For example, where Latin had a b, they added a b even if it was not
pronounced in the case of letter silencing. Systematically, these are the reasons and motives to what happen related to the pronunciation and the current spelling.
That is, the spelling of the letter is originally reflected the pronunciation of the sound in the past.
Thus, this thesis uses the ter m of “stop deletion in orthographical consonant
clusters ”. It denotes the occurrence of stop deletion as a part of the spelling
system dealing with orthography as represented in the consonant clusters of English words. Then, as the term of consonant cluster which is closely related to
the phonology, it tries to seek the phonological and historical assumption dealing with the sound manifestation in the spoken form.
12. Lexical Borrowing
