Listening Purpose Learners’ Problem

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c. Listening Purpose

There are two listening purposes elaborated by Brown and Yule 1983 as quoted in Richards 1988: 63 which are interactional and transactional function. The first is interactional function which emphasizes the interaction of the participants to create comfortable and not threatening situation. Interactional purpose is listener oriented. The examples of interactional functions are greetings, small talk, jokes, complements, casual chat of the kind in which to use in past time with friends or to make encounters with strangers comfortable Richards, 1988: 64. The second purpose is the transactional functions of language. It is used for communicating information and it is usually called “message oriented.” This transactional function concerns with the interaction with other people related to the language, coherence, content, and clarity such as, taking notes or carrying out an instruction Richards, 1988: 65. Both interactional and transactional functions are needed because interactional is used to interact with other people, while transactional is used to gain new information and skills Richards, 1988: 66. In this study, the writer will design a set of instructional listening materials using what have been explained in the listening process and purposes in order to help the students comprehend listening activities in the real-life situation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 32

d. Learners’ Problem

According to Brown and Yule 1983b in Nunan 1991: 24 there are four major factors that can affect the difficulty of oral language tasks which related to: • the speaker; which included how many they are, how quickly they speak, and what kind of accent they have. • the listener; either they are participant or eavesdropper. Their level of response and individual interest also affect and oral language task. • the content; how complex the grammar, vocabulary, and information structure is, and what background knowledge is assumed; • support whether there are pictures, diagrams or other visuals aids to support the text.

e. Types of Listening