Type 5: Fully-Notional All components of this syllabus
– socio cultural, semantic, linguistics as well as psycho-pedagogical- are united together.
Type 6: Fully Communicative This type is also called as learner generated syllabus. The learners
become the source of input. Communication is the primary objective and the linguistic competence should be a part of communicative competence.
In this study, the researcher uses functional syllabus. Finocchiaro and Brumfit as cited by Yalden 1983 suggest that functional syllabus has the
„tremendous merit‟ of placing the students and their communicative purposes at the centre of curriculum. It provides some benefits such as 1 it sets realistic
learning task, 2 it provides for the everyday teaching by using real-world language and 3 communication will be intrinsically motivating because it
expresses basic communicative functions.
g. Types of Learning and Teaching Activities
Littlewood 1981: 85 describes two types of communicative activity. Those two types are described on the next page:
1 Pre-communicative Activities
The pre-communicative activities are the activities in which the learners are being trained in the part-skills of communication rather than
practicing the total skill to be acquired. In the pre-communicative activities, the learners practice certain language forms and functions,
which lead to communicative work. Littlewood 1981: 89 states that the aim of pre-communicative activities is to give learners fluent control over
linguistic forms with the main criterion for success, whether the learners produce acceptable language.
2 Communicative Activities
Communicative activities are the activities in which the learners activate and integrate their pre-communicative activities of knowledge and
skills, in order to use them for the communication of meanings Littlewood, 1981: 86. There are two main categories in communicative
activities proposed by Littlewood 1981: 20, namely functional communication activities and social interaction activities. The main
purpose of the functional activities is that learners are located in a circumstance where she or he has to perform a task by communicating the
best she or he with some resources he or she has available. In the social interaction activities, the learners are also motivated to pay greater
attention of the social context where the interaction takes place.
