their speaking skill. It is match to the characteristic of the junior high school students in their learning process.
f. Syllabus
In designing the materials, teachers need syllabus as the measurement of the students needs. A syllabus is a document which says what will or at least what
should be learnt Hutchinson 1987: 80. Yalden 1983:110 provides six types of syllabus which are explained below:
Type 1: Structural-Functional This syllabus is relatively easy to be implemented. Language forms
are taught first before the teacher introduces the language functions. Type 2: Structures and Functions
This type provides a structural progression in a communicative framework.
Type 3: Variable Focus Variable emphasized the language program shifts according to the
proficiency. Allan as cited by Yalden 1983: 114 lists three levels of communicative competence such as structural, functional
and instrumental.
Type 4: Functional The objectives determine the function needed, and the functions
determine the selection and sequencing of grammatical materials.
Type 5: Fully-Notional All components of this syllabus
– socio cultural, semantic, linguistics as well as psycho-pedagogical- are united together.
Type 6: Fully Communicative This type is also called as learner generated syllabus. The learners
become the source of input. Communication is the primary objective and the linguistic competence should be a part of communicative competence.
In this study, the researcher uses functional syllabus. Finocchiaro and Brumfit as cited by Yalden 1983 suggest that functional syllabus has the
„tremendous merit‟ of placing the students and their communicative purposes at the centre of curriculum. It provides some benefits such as 1 it sets realistic
learning task, 2 it provides for the everyday teaching by using real-world language and 3 communication will be intrinsically motivating because it
expresses basic communicative functions.
g. Types of Learning and Teaching Activities
Littlewood 1981: 85 describes two types of communicative activity. Those two types are described on the next page:
