Research Instruments Data Gathering Technique Data Analysis Technique

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C. Research Instruments

To conduct the document analysis, the researcher firstly used human instrument. According to Leedy and Omrod 2005:31 human mind is an important tool of a research since “Its functioning dwarfs all other gadgetry. Nothing equals its powers of comprehension, integrative reasoning, and insight.” Therefore, to gain construct validity of this research, the researcher developed human instrument to elicit data of code switching in Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta Indonesian woman magazines. The researcher acted the primary instrument to gain and analyze data. Through human instrument the researcher can expand his or her understanding through nonverbal as well as verbal communication, process information data immediately, clarify and summarize material, check with respondents for accuracy of interpretation, and explore unusual or unanticipated responses Merriam, 2002: 5.

D. Data Gathering Technique

This study emphasized content analysis of verbal communication. Therefore, the data were collected through two major steps as Leedy and Omrod 2005 proposed. First, the researcher identifies the representative sampling of the Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta magazine to be analyzed. Those 3 magazines approximately had the same characteristics supporting the uniformity of the data source. Second, the materials being gathered were coded “…in terms of predetermined and precisely defined characteristics” Leedy and Omrod, 2005: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 25 144. Particularly, any code-switching phenomena in Femina, Kartini and Cita Cinta magazine were highlighted.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The researcher used a generic step of data analysis by Creswell 2003 with some adaptation. The process of analyzing data involves “making sense out of text and image data” Creswell, 2003: 190. In order to get a precise interpretation, the researcher should organize an apt preparation for data analysis, “moving deeper and deeper into understanding the data, representing the data and making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data” Creswell, 2003: 190. The first step was organizing and preparing data for analysis. This initial step involved “optically scanning material and sorting or arranging the data into different types depending n the source of information” Creswell, 2003:191. In this step the researcher typed the cases into the check-list. The check-list was adapted from McCormick 1994: 581 which shows “schematic representation of scope of terms used to designate types of code juxtaposition.” Table 3.1 Sample of Check-list of Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine. Types of Code-switching Code-switching Page No. Code-switching in Indonesian woman magazine D SW P C WS IL 1 …. v D : Diglossic Code-switching SW : Single-word PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 26 P : Phrase C : Clause WS : Whole sentence IL : Integrated Loanwords The second step was reading through all the data. Reading through the data was conducted to acquire “a general sense of the information and to reflect to its overall meaning” Creswell, 2003:191. In this step, the researcher analyzed and classified the typed cases into six kinds of code-switching. In the third step, the researcher went through detailed analysis with a coding process. According to Rossman Rallis 1998: 171 coding is “the process of organizing the material into ‘chunks’ before bringing meaning to those ‘chunks’.” This step involved taking the classified code-switching data into description based on each type. In order to obtain precise number of single-word, the researcher used Concordance 3.2. Concordance 3.2. was a software produced by LexisNesis formerly Dataflight which is helpful in studying text closely or analyzing language in depth. In this study, the researcher used concordance to count the frequency of the single-word code-switching occurrence in Indonesian woman magazines. The fourth step was describing and categorizing into qualitative narrative. After, categorizing the data, the researcher described the data based on the theory. In this step, the researcher used narrative passages to convey the findings of the analysis. In this step, the researcher also used table of number and the most frequent code-switching cases in order to make the findings clearer. 27 To analyze the total number of the code-switching cases found, tables were needed. The numbers of code-switching cases found in each of the six classifications and 5 categories were counted. Table 3.2 Sample of the Number of Code-switching Cases Parts of the Magazine Magazines Advertisement Feature News Opinion Fiction Cita Cinta … Femina Kartini Total number … The researcher also classified the data into the most frequent code- switching cases occurred. This included in the single-word code-switching and phrase code-switching where most of phenomenon happened. The word or phrase taken were those which in the 5 highest frequency. Table 3.3 Sample of the Most Frequent Code-switching cases Magazine Example of Single-word Occurrence … … Cita Cinta Magazine Femina Magazine Kartini Magazine Finally, the researcher made interpretation of the data. This was meant to figure out ‘what lesson to be learned’ after the whole process of clarifying code- switching. In this final step, the researcher used her own “personal interpretation, couched in the individual understanding that the inquirer brings to the study from her or his own culture, history and experiences.” Creswell, 2003: 195. The data PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 28 interpretation also derived from “a comparison of the findings with information gleaned from the literature or extant theories” Creswell, 2003: 195. The researcher used some proposed theories of possible reasons of code-switching and the influence of input in Second Language Acquisition. The researcher also used observations based on the theory of reasons for code-switching according to Poedjosoedarmo 1975, Crystal 1987 and Kachru and Kamwangamalu 1989 to determine the code-switching reasons. Being complete observer, the researcher had first hand experience with the data being analyzed Creswell, 2003: 186. Observations were also conducted to answer the possible implication to language learning based on theory on input in Second Language Acquisition. According to Ellis 1997, input or “the samples of language to which a learner is exposed” 1997: 5 that second language learners receive are influential factors to support language learning. Ungrammatical input of foreigner talk will have tendency to impede learning whereas grammatical input of foreigner talk will support successful language learning. 29

F. Research Procedure