9 In a social relationship, people modify their language so that message is
clearly understood by the addressee. The same is true in the context of language teaching and learning. Language teachers modify the language they use in order to
achieve successfully transferred information. In other word, language teachers do the teacher talk. Teachers may simplify or lengthen the utterance to make meaning
clearer. It is also normal to switch to the mother language to smooth the communication.
3. Code-switching
In this part, the researcher elaborates the definitions of code-switching, types of code-switching, reasons of code-switching and its implication to
language learning.
a. Definitions of Code-switching
In multilingual communities, large scale interactions between language and society as a whole happen. One of the interactions is language shift. In this
phenomenon people use two or more languages at one time conversation or context which is also known as code-switching.
Bokamba 1989 as cited in Ayeomoni 2006: 91 defines code-switching as “the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical
sub systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event…“ In a multilingual community, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People who
are capable of speaking two or more languages consciously or unconsciously substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching
helps a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 Duran, 1994: 8. When he could not find representative word to explain
something or is not able to utter particular expression in other languages, he may borrow phrases or words from another language to smooth his communication.
Code-switching can also be defined as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change
interpersonal relations with their right and obligations” Wardhaugh, 1992: 103. In a circumstance where speakers of various languages have the same necessity
gather in one speech context, code-switching permits them to attain their purpose effectively and understand each other better.
Nevertheless, when people use code-switching so frequently, it may raise fears. Since speakers have little control over them, code-switching can be
aberrations to some purists Duran, 1994:7. They fear that switch of the first to the second language may interfere the first one from growing or degrade the
language itself.
b. Types of Code-switching
McCormick 1994:582 defines there are 6 major types of code-switching namely 1 diglossia, 2 situational code-switching, 3 metaphoric code-
switching, 4 code-switching which consists of conversational code-switching, style shifting and code mixing; 5 single-word code-switching; borrowing and 6
integrated loanwords. Diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals
Wardhaugh, 1992: 30. In diglossic situation, people use two distinct languages in a society. The distinct languages being used are called “the H high and L
11 low codes are different languages, one of which has greater prestige than the
other.” McCormick, 1994:582. Diglossia therefore happens in bilingual situation where two varieties are required to cover domains of the community.
Situational code-switching is a kind of code-switching in which in a society “the codes may be perceived as different but be equally valued, and
similarity the situations may be differentiated on grounds other than prestige.” McCormick, 1994: 582. For example the people in the district of Sauris who
speak dialects of Friulian and German and the national language, Italian. There is a governing rule that German is used at home between spouse; Friulian is used in
informal setting such as in the market, neighbor, etc and Italian is used in a more informal setting such as school, workplace McCormick, 1994: 582. Thus, the
codes being used are distinguished through horizontal classification which can be settings, context, topic or participants McCormick, 1994: 583.
Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within one role relationship.” McCormick, 1994: 581. For instance, a political public
figure who tries to draw people’s voice uses more than one code. He uses two codes: language of the people or local dialect to show “high solidarity, equal
status and friendly feelings” Wardhaugh, 1992: 41 and language to represent him as political figure that shows “social distance, status and the referential
information” Wardhaugh, 1992: 41 political world. Conversational code-switching occurs “within conversations and may take
place within one speaker’s turn” McCormick, 1994: 583. A speaker may exchange to another language in one turn conversation. For example, a
12 conversation between Indonesian students who learn English language frequently
use English juxtaposed to Indonesian. The second type of code-switching is style shifting which takes place when one language with more than 1 style is used in
the society, for instance American people community who use Black English and formal English. The last type is code mixing. It “suggests the speaker is mixing up
codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence Wardhaugh, 1992: 42. This phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may
mix the target language they learn with their mother tongue language to make communication fluent.
Single word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical borrowing. “It involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need”
Wardhaugh, 1992: 42. People use the borrowed words usually according to the rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language.
Integrated loanwords occur between morphemes McCormick, 1994: 581. It is the combination of two morphemes of different codes to express a word for
example men-download instead of mengunduh. “Download” is more familiar and frequently used by Indonesian community although there is an official rule from
the government. Mengunduh is the representative word of download according to Instruksi Presiden Nomor 2 Tahun 2001
about the English terms used in the internet which are translated into representative Indonesian language.
Gumpers 1982 as cited in Gardner Chloros, 2007: 361 identifies 2 main sub categories of code-switching: situational and conversational code-
switching. Situational code-switching deals with the alternation of “interlocutor, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 setting or topic” Gumpers: 1982 in Gardner Chloros, 2007: 361. The language
is influenced by what kind of addressee the speaker is talking to, where the conversation takes place and what subject matter under discussion. Conversational
code-switching is not prejudiced by any changes but motivated by factors inside the conversation itself.
c. The Reasons for Code-switching
