13 setting or topic” Gumpers: 1982 in Gardner Chloros, 2007: 361. The language
is influenced by what kind of addressee the speaker is talking to, where the conversation takes place and what subject matter under discussion. Conversational
code-switching is not prejudiced by any changes but motivated by factors inside the conversation itself.
c. The Reasons for Code-switching
There are 2 reasons for code-switching according to Holmes 2001: 32: social reason and topic. Social reason takes place when a speaker uses some
vernacular languages in his speech to indicate that he belongs to the community. Often bilinguals switch to another code within a conversation to talk about a
particular topic. Particularly, in technical topic such as engineering, the engineers are more familiar to say by-pass than mengalir tanpa halangan when it is
translated into Indonesian. Some topics “…are firmly associated with a particular code and the topic itself can trigger a switch to the appropriate code” Holmes,
2001: 37. According to Poedjosoedarmo 1975 in Lumintaintang: 2003, code-
switching is one strategy of bilingual communication. Code-switching occurs because of 8 reasons: 1 the speaker quotes sentences; 2 the changing of the
addressee; 3 the influence of the third person; 4 the influence of particular intention; 5 acting; 6 the topic under discussion; 7 the previous stated
sentence expression and 8 situation. Other researchers mentioned “modernization, westernization, efficiency,
professionalism and social advancement” Kachru, 1989; Kamwangamalu, 1989 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91 as some of reasons of code-switching. English
language as one of the most-widely used language may represent modernization as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there are many international
schools which require English as the communication device in teaching learning activities. This phenomenon makes English language popular to school-age
students. Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated
version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social advancement correlate more on working world. In a professional work, he or she
will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English. As a result, it may affect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance
to deal with wider community.
d. Code-switching and Language Learning
