The following may be found in conclusions. Decide on the most suitable order for them A–E.

In both Britain and Japan, university education is undertaken by a significant number about 30 of all young people after leaving school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Read this extract from the main body of an essay on ‘Education is the most important factor in national development – Discuss’. Study the notes below and then re-write the extract. The need for education is crucial in any field. a It is something that no one can deny. b The development in technology has provided us with many devices and machines that facilitate our lives. Nowadays, factories produce more in less time and that helps the economies of countries. The different scientific discoveries have improved the quality of life as well. The development in the medical field is an example; vaccines and antibiotics have saved many lives . Take Japan, a country with few natural riches, where most of the land is mountains, but it is now one of the strongest countries economically. c The natural poverty of Japan has, in fact, been overcome by education and it has become one of the most important countries in a short period of time. a This sentence repeats the idea in the first, but doesn’t add anything new. b Not clear how this section relates to the subject. No clear link is established between education and technology. c The case for linking Japanese development and education is not established – the claim is too strong. Other factors need to be considered. 4.5 Discursive Essay cross reference The vital final part of the writing process, proof-reading can prevent confusion and misunderstanding of your work. Although most word-processing programmes check your spelling, they will not detect other common types of mistakes. 1. Before handing in any piece of written work for marking, it is important to check it carefully for errors that may distort your meaning or even make your work difficult to understand. The following examples each contain one common type of error. Underline the error and match it to the list of error types in the box. i factual; ii word ending; iii punctuation; iv tense; v vocabulary; vi spelling; vii singularplural; viii style; ix missing word; x unnecessary word a The natural poorness of Japan has been overcome … b In 1980 in the United States there are 140,000 people who … c Actually, hardly any of these has succeeded … d … to choose the most suitable area in which they can success. e Chinese history reflects in real social and cultural changes. f The highest rate of imprisonment was regestred in the USA … g Malaria is on the increase in countries such as Africa … h I am very interested in German economy … i … the french system is quite different. j You don’t always know which method is best. 2. When proof-reading, it is a good idea to exchange texts with another student, since you may become over-familiar with your own work. However, even in exam conditions, when this is not possible, it is vital to spend a few minutes checking through your work, for this may reveal careless errors that can be quickly corrected. Underline and correct the errors in the extracts below one or two in each. a The graph shows changes in the number of prisoners over five years 1930–1980. b … the way the government prepares his citizens to contribute in the development ... c Secondly, education not only teach people many knowledge … d However, weather it is the most important factor is the issue … e There has been a sharp decrease between 1930 and 1950. f The quality of a society depends in the education level. g America had the biggest figure for crime. 3. Proof-reading a longer text is more difficult. The following was written by a student who was asked to describe his background and future plans.

16. Proof-Reading

2.10 Style 3.9 Nouns and Adjectives 3.15 Punctuation 3.18 SingularPlural 3.19 Tenses cross reference