Use conjunctions to complete the following paragraph.

1. In academic writing, definitions are normally needed in two situations:

a In introductions, to clarify a word or phrase in the title. b More generally, to explain a word or phrase that may be either very technical and so not in normal dictionaries, or very recent, or with no widely agreed meaning. Word Category Detail Use A lecture is a formal talk given to a large group, often used for teaching An assignment is a task often given to students for teaching or assessment

2. Insert suitable category words in the following definitions.

a A barometer is a scientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . designed to measure atmospheric pressure. b Kidneys are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that separate waste fluid from the blood. c A multi-national company is a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that operates in many countries. d Reinforced concrete is a building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . consisting of cement, sand and steel rods. e Bullying is a pattern of anti-social . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . found in many schools. f Recycling is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in which materials are used again. g A recession is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of reduced economic activity. h Postcodes are a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for making mail delivery more efficient.

3. More complete definitions may be written by adding examples or extra information:

A mortgage is a type of loan that is used for buying property, in which the lender has the security of the property. Complete and extend the following definitions. a Distillation is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b A psychiatrist is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . who specialises in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c An MSc. is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . awarded on completion of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d A trades union is an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that exists to protect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e Malaria is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . caused by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f Wheat is a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . used for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Study the following examples and underline the term being defined.

a … the definition for a failed project … ranges from abandoned projects to projects that simply do not meet their full potential or simply have schedule overrun problems. b Development is a socio-economic–technological process having the main objective of raising the standards of living of the people.

4. Definitions

1.13 Introductions cross reference