Background to Writing BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)

2.4 Discussion a 3a For and againsttype 1 3b Comparison 4 Some variation possible. 4a 1. factories originally sited to make use of water power in 18th C. 2. in nineteenth century factories built near canalsrailways for access to markets 3. first factories employed unskilled workers; often women and children 4. early employers enforced strict codes of discipline 5. workers forced to adopt a regular timetable to maintain production 6. later some employers offered social benefits, e.g. housingeducation 4b 1. many older students have lost interest in learning and disrupt classes 2. problem students waste everybody’s time, including their own 3. some students more suited to work that doesn’t require qualifications 4. in future, almost all jobs will require academic skills 5. if they left at 14, students would be unlikely to find proper jobs 6. effort should be made in primary schools to prevent pupils falling behind 6 Possible answers: Para 2 The main factor In the first place Then Finally, Para 3 Turning to the subject of The first point is that Secondly Lastly, Para 4 Another important area Firstly In addition

13. Introductions

1 optional: ac usual: deg 7a v 7b i 7c iv 7d vi 7e ii 7f iii 9a Higher Education 9b depending on country chosen, recent developmentsdebate on HE could be mentioned 9c reference could be made to rising student numbersdebate about costs who should payvalue of research for economic development 9d essay could focus geographically on one or two countries, either similar or different economically historically the discussion could be limited to the past tentwentyfifty years 9e plan will depend on decisions made in c above 10 Model answer: The last two decades have seen a steady increase in demand for higher i.e. university-level education worldwide. Rising costs in this sector have put pressure on national budgets, causing many countries to attempt to shift some of the cost to the students, often in the form of loans. A degree generally remains the key to better jobs and opportunities, yet if students have to pay a greater share of the cost this will discriminate against poorer families. This essay examines the question of access to university by comparing the situation in a developed country, the United States, with a developing country, Turkey.

14. Conclusions

1a ii 1b iii 1c v 1d iv 1e ii 1f i 1g ii 1h iv 2 Neither conclusion is complete – synthesis is required. 2a Summary of discussion 2b Limitations of studyproposals for future research 3 Suggested order variations possible: Summary of main findings