Re-reading and Re-writing Proof-Reading

4i There were two main causes of the American Revolution. 5a Currently, significant numbers of children are starting school at the age of four or less, whereas thirty years ago five was the normal age. There appear to be various reasons for the change; mothers, for example, need to rejoin the labour force. There are mixed views about the effects of this change on the children concerned. Jenkins 1989 claims that early school attendance causes social problems such as theft and drug taking. There seems to be considerable evidence to support his views and there may be an argument in favour of a state subsidy for women to stay at home with their children. 5b There appear to be two principal reasons for the growing traffic congestion. Firstly, public transport has become increasingly expensive relative to the falling cost of motoring. In addition, car ownership is much more convenient than using public transport. Together, these factors result in higher vehicle density.

11. Synonyms

Model answers: 4a challengedoutcomestudy 4b data or figuresdemonstrateincrease 4c forecastargument or debate 4d main disadvantagemethod 4e focuspossibility 4f explainidea or theory 4g topicsevaluated 4h structurekepttargetschanged 4i reduce outputincrease 4j tendencyaccelerated 5 firm’s plan cut expenditure or spending leading executives or managers salaries or earnings reduced intends salaries or earnings raised 6 UK – British – this country agency – organisation – body advertising campaign – publicity programme – advertising blitz to raise – to improve British eating habits – regular hand washing to cut – reduction

12. Visual Information

1.1 dE 1.2 fB 1.3 aF 1.4 cC 1.5 bD 1.6 eA Model answers: 2a grew slightly 2b rose steadily 2c fell sharply 2d increased slightly 2e sharp rise 2f slight drop 3 a is better because it selects the most important details. b simply repeats the data on the chart. Model answers: 4a density 4b illustratesshows 4c between 4d emptierless-crowded 4e rolepart 4f sincebecause 4g tend 5a table 5b rangevariety 5c marriage 5d Britain 5e rate 5f Iran 5g half 5h proportionfigure 5i resultconsequence 7 Model answer: Table 4 shows the gender balance in the School of Computing from 1996 to 2000. Between 1996 and 1998 the ratio of men to women was about 1:3, but in the next two years the proportion of women increased, so that in 2000 women accounted for nearly 40 of the total. Part 3: Accuracy in Writing

1. Abbreviations

10a Prime MinisterMembers of ParliamentNational Health Service 10b Information Technologyand others 10c That isWorld Trade Organisation 10d Take noteCurricula vitaeaA4 size paper 10e Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentUnited Kingdom 10f European UnionValue Added Tax 10g Chief Executive OfficerResearch and development 10h Figure 4World wide web 10i World Health Organisationtuberculosis 10j Public Relations45,000 10k Genetically modifiedfor example 10l ProfessorMaster of PhilosophyDoctor of Philosophy

2. Adverbs

4a ObviouslyClearly 4b Originally 4c Alternatively 4d RecentlyLately 4e Similarly 4f ClearlyObviously 5 Time: graduallyslowlysteadilyrapidlyquickly Amount: slightlymarginallysubstantiallysignificantlyconsiderably sharplydramatically Others may be acceptable. 6a slightly 6b substantiallysignificantly 6c dramatically 6d steadily 6e considerablysubstantiallysignificantly 6f rapidlyquickly 6g slowlyslightly 6h rapidly