Use a suitable modal of obligation to complete the following.
1. The passive is used when the writer wants to focus on the result, not on the cause:
The book was written in 1926. passive My father wrote the book. active In the first sentence, the emphasis is on the date, in the second on the writer. So the passive is used in written English when the cause a person or thing is less important or unknown. The treaty will be signed next year. by someone The tower was destroyed a century ago. by something It is quite common to show the cause of the action by adding by … The army was helped by good weather in the autumn of 1296.2. The passive is also used in written work to avoid using I or we:
The findings were evaluated. An analysis will be made. Change the following into the passive. a We collected the data and compared the two groups. b I interviewed 120 people in three social classes. c They checked the results and found several errors.3. An adverb is often inserted in a passive form:
This process is commonly called ‘networking’. Change the following sentences from active to passive and insert a suitable adverb from the box below. a A storm damaged 40 of the houses in the port. b The Connors family ran the company until 1981. c They had built the house near the station. d Picasso painted the portrait of the old man. e They provided pencils for all students in the exam. f Doctors tested over 550 people for the disease over a three-year period. g The researchers calculated the percentages to three decimal places. h They called their business the Universal Trading Company. conveniently optimistically helpfully brilliantly regularly precisely efficiently badly11. Passives
2.10 Style cross reference 3.2 Adverbs cross reference 4. In most texts the active and the passive are mixed. Read the following article and underline the passives. BOOTS THE CHEMISTS When John Boot died at 45, he was worn out by the strain of establishing his herbal medicine business. He had worked his way up from his early years as a farm labourer to be the owner of a substantial business. He was born in 1815, became a member of a Methodist chapel in Nottingham, and later moved to the city. Concerned by the situation of the poor, who were unable to afford a doctor, in 1849 he opened a herbal medicine shop which was called the British and American Botanic Establishment. In the early stages John was helped financially by his father-in-law, while his mother provided herbal knowledge. On his death in 1860 the business was taken over by his wife, and she was soon assisted by their 10-year-old son, Jesse. He quickly showed the business ability which transformed his father’s shop into a national business. He opened more shops in poor districts of the city and pioneered advertising methods. Another innovation was to do all his business in cash, rather than offering credit. 5. Could all the passives in the text be replaced by the active? What would be the result if most of them were? 6. The passive is used more in written than in spoken English, but should not be over-used, because it can give a very formal tone. In the following text, which continues the history of Boots, the passive is used throughout. Change some of them into the active. In 1889 he was introduced to Florence Rowe, the daughter of a bookseller, while on holiday. Her influence was felt by the business after they were married: the product range was enlarged to include stationery and books. In addition she was responsible for the introduction of the Boots subscription library and in-store cafes. During World War 1 the factories were used to make a variety of products from sterilizers to gas masks. But by 1920 Jesse was being attacked by arthritis and was worried by the economic prospects. Boots was sold to an American rival for £2 m. This, however, was made bankrupt during the Depression and Boots was then bought by a British group for £6 m, while Jesse’s son, John, was made chairman. The famous No. 7 cosmetics range was launched in the 1930s. In the 1939–45 War the saccharin equivalent to 700,000 tons of sugar was produced in the Nottingham factories.Parts
» BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» The Writing Process BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Almost all essays, reports and articles have the same basic pattern of organisation:
» Underline the key terms in the following titles and decide what you are being asked to do.
» The previous sentences can be evaluated as follows:
» Compare the two extracts below:
» Register. Compare the tone, or register, of the following:
» In the following text, three key points are in italic. Decide on their order of importance.
» Underline four key points in the following text.
» What are the main reasons for note-making? Add to the ideas below.
» Effective note-making is part of a sequence. What comes before and after?
» Techniques. Find synonyms for the words in italic.
» Change the word class of the words in italic, and then re-write the sentences.
» Change the word order of the following sentences.
» Combine all these techniques to paraphrase the paragraph as fully as possible.
» Use the same techniques to paraphrase the following text.
» Complete the following notes of the key points.
» Read the example, from a study of women’s experience of prison.
» The essay writer uses a mixture of direct quotes and summaries of arguments.
» Decide which of the three frameworks in 2 would be most suitable for the following titles.
» topic 2. restatement BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Using the second set of notes, write the next paragraph of the essay.
» topic 2. detail BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» detail 4. detail BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Using the next set of notes, write the third paragraph.
» topic 2. 4. BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» The structure of the main body depends on the length of the essay and the subject of study.
» Shorter essays in exams, for example tend to have simpler structures:
» Write the introduction about 100 words, using your answers from 9 and the notes provided below.
» Not every academic essay has a conclusion.
» The following may be found in conclusions. Decide on the most suitable order for them A–E.
» Study the notes for the essay below and write a conclusion in about 100 words.
» Elements of Writing BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.
» Use conjunctions to complete the following paragraph.
» Study the flowchart and complete the paragraph that describes it.
» The form as Note the variety of forms possible:
» Moreless, the mostthe least followed by adjective, the mostthe fewest related to number
» Complete the following description of the table in 3 above one word per gap:
» Study the table and complete the text below one word per gap.
» Study the table below and complete the paragraph comparing life
» Complete the following paragraph comparing cigarette smoking in Europe.
» Write another paragraph comparing alcohol intake in Europe.
» Select several terms from your own subject area and write extensive definitions for them.
» There are two basic outlines for a discussion essay:
» Find a suitable example for each sentence.
» Provide examples in the following paragraph where they appear necessary.
» Decide if you agree with the following:
» There are two ways of making a generalisation:
» Read the following text and underline the generalisations.
» Study the table. BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Study the table below and complete the generalisations.
» Read this text about dreams and write five generalisations using the data.
» Discussing statistical data is a necessary part of much academic writing:
» Percentages are commonly used for expressing rates of change:
» Study the following expressions, which are also used to simplify statistics.
» Re-write the following sentences to present the data in a simpler way.
» a Summary of a writer’s ideas.
» Organising the bibliographyreferences BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Russell, T. 1995 ‘A future for coffee?’ Journal of Applied Marketing 6 pp. 14–1
» Re-write the following paragraphs in better style.
» Student admissions by subject2002
» Find synonyms for the words and phrases in italic. The language of change
» Complete the following description of the chart below.
» Accuracy in Writing BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» All academic subjects employ abbreviations to save time.
» Adverbs are used in academic texts in a variety of ways.
» Adverbs linked to verbs and adjectives usually fall into three groups.
» Adverbs used individually need to be employed with care.
» Insert a suitable adverb from the table into the gaps in the sentences.
» The following adverbs are used to describe changes in the rate of something:
» Unless they are uncountable, all nouns need an article when used in the singular.
» In general, the is used with:
» A cautious style is necessary in some areas of academic writing:
» Caution is needed to avoid making statements that are too simplistic:
» Rewrite the following sentences in a more cautious way.
» Finish the sentences in a suitable way.
» Study the list below and find the meaning in each case.
» Use a suitable modal of obligation to complete the following.
» Most nationalities have a regular pattern of nouns and adjectives.
» Some nationalities are less regular.
» Write similar sentences to those above about two of the following:
» The definite article is used with a few countries:
» Another group of uncountable nouns is used for materials:
» Complete the gaps in the following paragraph with muchmanylittlefew.
» An adverb is often inserted in a passive form:
» Prefixes. Common prefixes. Find the meanings of each prefix.
» Suggest possible meanings for the words in italic.
» Meaning suffixes. Give the word class and suggest possible meanings for:
» Study each sentence and find the meaning of the words in italic.
» The following verbs are generally used with these prepositions:
» Complete the following with suitable verbs and prepositions.
» Choose suitable verbs and prepositions from 1 and 3 to complete the following text.
» Semi-colons ;. Colons :. BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Punctuate the text. BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Referring verbs are used to summarise another writer’s ideas.
» Most of these verbs are followed by a noun clause beginning with that.
» Write a sentence referring to what the following writers said more than one verb may be suitable.
» In defining clauses both that and which can be used with things.
» Insert a suitable relative pronoun in the text below. Write X if the pronoun is optional.
» Complete the following sentences by selecting the most suitable tenses.
» Simple or continuous? Select either simple or continuous in each case:
» Study the use of the following:
» Compare the use of the following phrases.
» Choose the best alternative in each case.
» Writing Models BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Write a reply to Mr Bramble making the following points:
» CV stands for curriculum vitae also known as a resumé.
» Background to Writing BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Developing Plans from Titles
» Evaluating a Text BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Understanding Purpose and Register
» Selecting Key Points Note-Making
» Paraphrasing Summary Writing BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Combining Sources Planning a Text
» Organising Paragraphs BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Introductions BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Conclusions BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Re-reading and Re-writing Proof-Reading
» Comparisons Definitions BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Discussion BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Numbers References and Quotations Academic Style
» Synonyms Visual Information BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Articles Caution Conjunctions BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Formality in Verbs Modal Verbs
» Passives Prefixes and Suffixes
» Prepositions BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
» Prepositions after Verbs Punctuation
» Referring Verbs Relative Pronouns
» SingularPlural BUKU | SAIDNA ZULFIQAR BIN TAHIR (VIKAR)
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