Study the table and complete the text below one word per gap.

is ignoring the true rate of forest loss and the related extinction of species: ‘The ongoing wave of extinctions, due primarily to deforestation in the moist tropics, has been widely documented.’ It seems that Lomborg, as a statistician, is too dependent on optimistic data, and is ignoring the widespread concerns of wildlife experts. The paragraph has the following structure: Lomborg – paraphrase + quotation Brooks – paraphrase + quotation Writer’s comment on Lomborg + opinion

6. Complete the following paragraph, which discusses air pollution, to give an opinion.

According to Lomborg 2001, air quality is improving in rich countries. He gives the example of London, where he claims that the air is cleaner now than it has been since 1585, thanks to decreases in smoke and sulphur dioxide. Brooks 2001, however, argues that Lomborg is ‘ignoring the more recent global rise in toxic contaminants, now found at high concentrations … even in the remote reaches of the Arctic.’ It appears that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. List in the box as many ideas as possible for and against the following subject:

‘Civilisation began in the city, and the city remains the only place for civilised people to live’ – Discuss. + –

8. Prepare a plan for this title, using one of the outlines in 2 above.

a b c d

9. Write an essay on this title, making use of phrases from 4 above.

1. When writing essays it is often better to support statements by giving examples.

Compare the following: a Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming. b Many plants and animals are threatened by global warming. In southern Britain, for example , the beech tree may become extinct within 30 years. The second sentence provides concrete details of a plant species, an area and a time scale to support the main statement.

2. Phrases for introducing examples include:

Many departments, for instancefor example engineering, now offer foundation courses. note use of commas A few courses such ase.g. MBA require work experience. Many universities, particularlyespecially UK ones, ask overseas students for IELTS scores. note the focus Some subjects are heavily oversubscribed. A case in point is medicine. for single examples Use suitable example phrases to complete the following sentences. a As the climate warms, wetland species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frogs may find their habitat reduced. b Some animals can migrate to cooler areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are birds, which can move easily. c Many plants, trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , will find it difficult to move to wetter regions in the north. d Certain reptiles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . snakes, may benefit from drier and warmer summers. e Rising sea levels may bring some advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . expanding wetland areas.

3. Find a suitable example for each sentence.

Example: Various sectors in the economy are experiencing labour shortages. Various sectors in the economy, for instance engineering, are experiencing labour shortages. a A number of sports have become very profitable due to the sale of television rights. b Some British universities offer special courses in English for overseas students. c In recent years many women have made significant contributions to the political world. d Three-year guarantees are now being offered by most car makers. e Certain diseases are proving much harder to combat than was expected 20 years ago. 6. Examples 3.5 Conjunctions cross reference