should not be expected to produce language that has not been introduced either explicitly or implicitly.
2 Principle 2: Task dependency
Within a lesson, one task should grow out of, and build upon, the ones that have gone before.
3 Principle 3: Recycling
Recycling language maximizes opportunities for learning and activates the ‘organic’ learning principle.
4 Principle 4: Active learning
Learners learn best by actively using the language they are learning.
5 Principle 5: Integration
Learners should be taught in ways that make clear the relationships between linguistic form, communicative function and semantic meaning.
6 Principle 6: Reproduction to creation
Learners should be encouraged to move from reproductive to creative language use.
7 Principle 7: Reflection
Learners should be given opportunities to reflect on what they have learned and how well they are doing.
e. Procedures in Developing Units of Materials
There are some procedures that can be applied in the material developing. Nunan 2004: 31-33 proposes a six-step procedure that enables the
developer to create a linked sequence of enabling excercises and activities that will prepare the learners to carry out the tasks.
1 Schema building
Schema-building exercises will serve to introduce the topic, set the context for the task, and introduce some of the key vocabulary and expressions
that the students will need in order to complete the task.
2 Controlled practice
This step is to to provide students with controlled practice in using the target language vocabulary, structures and functions.
3 Authentic listening or reading practice
This step involves learners in intensive listening practice. The listening texts could involve a number of native speakers in order to provide authentic
materials. This step would expose them to authentic or simulated conversation, which could incorporate but extend the language from the model conversation in
step 2.
4 Focus on linguistic elements
The learners now get to take part in a sequence of exercises in which the focus is on one or more linguistic elements.
