Purposes of Reading Literature Review
bring to the text; those are knowledge, experiences, expectations, and intuition to make interpretations of the text Johnson, 2001; Brown, 2001. Therefore, it is
also called as ‘concept-driven processing’ Johnson, 2001. When the readers are relating between what they get in the text and their
background knowledge and experiences, they build schemata in their mind Johnson, 2001. According to Artlett in Johnson 2001, schemata are mental
frameworks that the readers hold as individuals and which they bring with them when they
read. The theory underlying this process is called ‘schema theory’ which is defined by Gillet and Temple 1986: 207 as “a model of reading
comprehension that takes into account what readers may already know and how they go about developing and adding to schemata as they read.”
3 Interactive model This model is the integration between the elements of bottom-up and top-
down model. This model exists because there are many arguments said that both models are needed although in a certain situation, one of the models is more
needed than another one Johnson, 2001. Murtagh 1989, in Nunan, 2003 considers this combination as the best model. It effectively connects important
aspects of the bottom-up and top-down model. In order to comprehend the texts, the readers have to consider the essential elements of the linguistic signals in the
texts and use their background knowledge to create a strong concept of what is being read in their minds. This model also encourages the readers to be more
conscious of the strategies in comprehending the texts.