a. Statement
Statement is used to inform an information to the others. There is no meaning from a speaker or writer to their listener or reader about their statement. It is just to
inform without any purpose which bond the reader or listener. It usually ended with a period.
Statement: Roger fell into the river. Reported clause formed statement: …, “Roger fell into the river.”
b. Question
This kind of sentence is used to ask something from the speaker to the listener. The speaker needs the response of the listener to answer
what the speaker’s wants. Question mark is used in this sentence.
Question: Do you have some money? Reported clause formed question: …, “Do you have some money?”
c. CommandRequest
CommandRequest is used to orderrequest someone to do something. There is something that a speaker wants to order to his listener. Command mark is used in this
sentence type.
Command: Shut the door Don’t be lazy
Reported clause formed command: …, “Shut the door” …, “Don’t be lazy”
d. Mixing Sentence
Thomson and Martinet 1986 in Zebua 2009 state direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command + statement, or all three
together. We can mix kinds of sentence in one sentence.
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Examples:
– “I can’t drive. Do you?” she asked. Statement + Question – “Mother is coming. Get hiding behind the chair” He commanded.
Statement + Command
– She said, “Can you get out from my house? I am bored on you.”
Question + Statement
– “Do you have any money? Give it to me” the thief said. Question +
Command
– “Please, don’t drink too much Remember that you will have to drive home
,” she said. Command + Statement
– “Please, don’t make any noise Do you want a bad grade?”
Command + Question
2.2.1 Tenses
We can’t deny that tenses are very important in writing especially for direct speech. English has its own tenses which make it unique. The tenses are used to build
a sentence in a language which considers so many aspects for example, the suitable subject, the verbs and the changes, and also the time of the sentence. Greenbaum and
Nelson 2002:55 state tense is a grammatical category referring to the time of the situation; the tense is indicated by the form of the verb. Dykes 2007:44 states tense
is indicated whenever we use a finite verb. In writing direct speech, we have to concern to tenses because we can’t write the
right direct speech without the right tenses.
– Simple Present Tense
a. Clare says, “I want to meet the little girls today.”
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b. We say, “He doesn’t invite our friends to the celebration.”
c. They ask him, “Do we get the present now?”
– Present Continuous Tense
a. Clare says, “I am meeting the little girls today.”
b. We say, “He is not inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They ask him, “Are we getting the presents now?”
– Present Perfect Tense
a. Clare says, “I have met the little girls today.”
b. We say, “He has not invited our friends to the celebration.”
c. They ask him, “Have we got the present?”
– Present Perfect Continuous Tense
a. Clare says, “I have been meeting the little girls.”
b. We say, “He has not been inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They ask him, “Have we been getting the presents?”
– Simple Past Tense
a. Clare said, “I wanted to meet the little girls yesterday.”
b. We said, “He did not invite our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Did we get the presents?”
– Past Continuous Tense
a. Clare said, “I was meeting the little girls yesterday.”
b. We said, “He was not inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Were we getting the presents?”
– Simple Future Tense
a. Clare said, “I will meet the little girls tomorrow.”
b. We said, “He will not invite our friends to the celebration.”
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c. They asked him, “Will we get the presents?”
– Future Continuous Tense
a. Clare said, “I will be meeting the little girls tomorrow.”
b. We said, “He will not be inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Will we be getting the presents?
– Future Perfect Tense
a. Clare said, “I will have met the little girls.”
b. We said, “He will not have invited our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Will we have got the presents?”
– Future Perfect Continuous Tense
a. Clare said, “I will have been meeting the little girls.”
b. We said, “He will not have been inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Will we have been getting the presents?
– Simple Past Future Tense
a. Clare said, “I would meet the little girls.”
b. We said, “He would not invite our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Would we get the presents?”
– Past Future Continuous Tense
a. Clare said, “I would be meeting the little girls.”
b. We said, “He would not be inviting our friends to the celebration.”
c. They asked him, “Would we be getting the presents?
2.2.2 Punctuation
Punctuation has a power in building a sentence in a language. It helps the reader to understand the writer’s aim. Greenbaum and Nelson 2002:187 state punctuation
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helps the reader to understand the written communication by breaking it down into smaller components.
In writing direct speech, we will find so many punctuations on it such as, commas, quotation marks, ellipses, dash, tags, and period. We cannot deny that
punctuation is so important to make the reader or listener know the ideas which a writer or speaker wants to share.
a. Commas
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