Subject Reporting Verbs An Error Analysis in Using Direct and Indirect Speech Made Twelfth Year Students of Hospitality Accomodation Program, SMK Raksana 2 Medan

Furthermore Parrot 2004:413 states that direct speech generally has indicated by enclosing it in either single or double inverted commas quotations marks ‘…’ or “…”. If this direct speech is enclosed in double inverted commas quotation marks, then we use single inverted commas to enclose any further direct speech that is embedded in this. For example: “What do you mean, ‘Mary’s had enough’?” or vice versa. Basically, Direct Speech consists of 2 main parts, they are Reporting Clause and Reported Clause.

A. Reporting Clause

Reporting Clause is an utterance such as: “she said”, “he shouted” or “Andi asks” that identifies the speaker and sometimes the tone of a reported clause in either direct or indirect speech. It is also known as the initial sentence in direct speech. It consists of 2 main parts, they are subject and reporting verbs.

a. Subject

Dykes 2007:92 states subject is that which is under our attention, i.e. the person or thing that we are talking about. Every sentence has to has a subject in it. It is impossible when there is no subject in a sentence. It can be human, animal or thing which control a sentence. It occurs in the common sentences but not in direct speech. Direct speech is just using humans as a subject because only human can speak and writing. The subjects are personal pronouns such as I, You, We, They, He, and She. We can also write human’s names which indicate the subject itself such as John, William, Anne, etc. Universitas Sumatera Utara

b. Reporting Verbs

Reporting verbs is the verbs which report the speaker speech. Reporting verb is used both in direct and indirect speech. The most common reporting verbs are ‘tell’ and ‘say’ but there are so many verbs which have the same function, that is as reporting verbs. Admit Insist Inform Threaten Advice Mention Notify Beg Agree Suggest Persuade Convince Announce Promise Reassure Encourage Claim Warn Remind Forbid Complain Propose Demand Instruct Declare Assure Offer Invite Explain Refuse Order Command There is a pattern to make a reporting clause. Pattern: For examples: William says, …. Anne complains, …. “…” They Suggest. B. Reported Clause Reported clause is a bound clause that reports what someone has said or thought, bound to main clause that contains a verb of saying and thinking. Reported clause is known as the speaker’s speech. It is the main idea of a direct speech. We have to consider so many aspects when we talk about it. It can be formed as statement, question, command or the mixture of them. Subject + Reporting Verb Universitas Sumatera Utara

a. Statement