marks period. It is not only occurred in statement sentence, it also happens in command and question sentence.
1. CommandRequest Sentence
The commandrequest sentence is used to orderrequest someone to do something. The typical of this sentence is the use of command mark which makes
it different from the other sentences. Command mark is used in this sentence which can be found in direct speech. When the direct speech is changing to the indirect
speech, the comma and quotation mark are missed like the usual. There are 2 kinds of commandrequest sentence which have different changes in
indirect speech. They are:
a. Positive CommandRequest Sentence
The basic feature that we can find in this kind of commandrequest sentence is the used of infinitive V1. For this kind, we have to use
“to” as conjunctive before the verb.
For example: Steven asked, “Close the window”
Steven asked me to close the window. b. Negative CommandRequest Sentence
The typical of this sentence is the used of word “Don’t” and we have to use “not
to” to replace the word “Don’t” before. For example:
She said, “Don’t touch me” She said me not to touch her.
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2. Question Sentence
Question sentence is used to ask someone to do something. The typical of this sentence is the use of question mark ?. We have to be careful to change the
sentence into indirect speech because there are 2 kinds of question sentence which have different method to change it to be the indirect speech. They are yesno question
and WH question.
a. Yesno Question
Yesno question is the question which needs a short answer. The answer is just yes or no. The typical of this type of question is the using of auxiliary verb in starting
the sentence. When we find this kind of sentence in direct speech, we have to change the
auxiliary verb to ifwhether. There is no difference in using these words. It is based on the writer. In indirect speech it will be changed into affirmative sentence.
For example: They asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?”
They asked me ifwhether I want to join them to play football.
b. WH Questions
WH Question is the question which uses word questions. The word questions are what, who, where, why, when, and how. The kind of the question needs long detail
answer, sometimes it needs an explanation to answer these questions. The sentence in direct speech and indirect speech will be different. It will change into affirmative.
For example:
Andy asked Ted, “Where do you live?” Andy asked Ted where he lived.
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2.3.2 The Changes of Tenses
As we talk before that indirect speech is the past form of direct speech, so we can conclude that the changes of tenses can be occurred.
Whenever we write it, we have to consider the tenses because it can make a big error when we are not thinking about the tenses.
It will be explained below:
1. Simple Present Tense Simple Past Tense
For example: She said, “My mother cooks well.” Direct Speech
She said that her mother cooked well. Indirect Speech
There is an exception in changing direct speech into indirect speech in simple present tense. When in direct speech we find the general truths or habitual actions,
the tense is not changed. For example:
She says, “The sun rises in east.” Direct Speech She said the sun rises in east. Indirect Speech
2. Simple Past Tense Past Perfect Tense
For example: They said, “We played a terrific game.” Direct Speech
They said that they had played a terrific game. Direct Speech
3. Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
For example: Clare says, “I have met the little girls today.” Direct Speech
Clare says that she had met the little girl then. Indirect Speech
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4. Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
For example: William says, “He is not inviting our friends to the celebration.” Direct Speech
William says that he was not inviting our friends to the celebration. Indirect Speech
5. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
For example: He said, “I have been painting the wall.” Direct Speech
He said that he had been painting the wall. Indirect Speech
6. Simple Future Tense Past Future Tense
For example: They say, “We will meet after the class.” Direct Speech
They say that we would meet after the class. Indirect Speech
7. Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous
For Example: He said, “I was not a smart boy.” Direct Speech
He said that he had not been being a smart boy. Indirect Speech
2.3.3 The Changes of Personal Pronouns
Pronoun is a word that substitutes for noun or noun phrase. It is particular case of a pro-form www.wikipedia.com. There are so many kinds of pronouns, such as
personal pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.
In the speech we will always see the use of pronouns. The kind of pronouns which is most used is personal pronouns. Originally, there are 3 kinds of personal
pronouns, they are: first person I and we, second person you, and third person he,
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she, it, and they. Not only as a subject subject pronouns, the personal pronouns can also uses as object object pronouns. Subject pronoun is when a person or thing uses
as a subject in a sentence or clause and object pronoun is when the person or thing uses as an object in a sentence or clause.
When we talk about indirect speech, we can’t deny the pronouns. The pronouns do not only use in indirect speech but also in direct speech. We can see the used in
reporting clause and reported clause in indirect speech. The changes of personal pronouns depend on the use of the pronouns as a subject or object in direct speech
which will influence the changes of personal pronouns in indirect speech. There are some rules in changing the pronouns in indirect speech which will be
explained below: a
The changes of first person I and We in reporting clause will be changed appropriate to subject in reported clause.
For examples:
– He said, “I will have a meeting.” Direct Speech He said that he would have a meeting. Indirect Speech
– They said, “We got a prize.” Direct Speech They said that they had gotten a prize. Indirect Speech
b The second personal pronouns You will be changed appropriate to the object in
reported speech. For examples:
– He said to me, “You have to come with me” Direct Speech He said to me that I had to come with him. Indirect Speech
– She said to me, “You can go now.” Direct Speech She said to me that I could go then. Indirect Speech
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c There is no change of third personal pronouns He, She, It, and They in indirect
speech. For examples:
– He said, “She is a good lecturer.” Direct Speech He said that she was a good lecturer. Indirect Speech
– They said, “It has 3 tails.” Direct Speech They said that it had 3 tails. Indirect Speech
– She said, “They have invited us.” Direct Speech She said that they had invited them. Indirect Speech
2.3.4 The Changes of Adverb Adverb of Time and Place
Adverb is used to explain a sentence and make a sentence clearer. There are 4 kinds of adverbs, they are: adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of frequency, and
adverb of manner. We usually see the adverb in a communication. There are 4 kinds of adverb but only 2 adverbs which have a change in indirect
speech. The adverbs are adverb of time and adverb of place. These adverbs in direct speech will be changed in indirect speech.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now Then
Today That day, The next day, The day after
Tomorrow The following day, The day later
Next … The … after, The following …
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Last … The … before, The previous …
… ago … before, … earlier
Yesterday The day before, The previous day
The day before yesterday Two day before
Here There
This That
These Those
The using in the sentences:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
She says, “I am writing now.” She said that she was writing then.
He says, “She has a class today.” He says that she had a class that
daythe next daythe day after.
They say, “We will come to your
house tomorrow
.” They say that they would come to
my house the following daythe day later.
He says, “I will hike the mountain
next week
.” He says that he would hike the
mountain the
week afterthe
following week. You said, “They ate it last You said that they had eaten it the
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month
.”
month beforethe previous month.
She said, “He came to your house
2 days ago
.” She said that he had come to my
house 2 days before2 days earlier.
She said, “I helped my mother
yesterday
.” She said that he had helped her
mother the
day beforethe
previous day. They said, “It ripped the day
before yesterday
.”
They said that it had ripped two days before.
He said, “I have a present for you
in my bag here
.” He said that he had a present for me
in his bag there. My mother said, “This is a good
day.”
My mother said that that was a
good day.
My father said, “These are lovely
kittens.”
My father said that those were
lovely kittens.
2.4 Error Analysis 2.4.1 The Difference of Error and Mistake
