Significance of the Study Previous Studies

discuss direct and indirect speech that covers: simple present tense, present continuous tense, simple past tense, and present perfect tense. I chose the above tenses for students in grade twelfth because those are the basic tenses and they have known about the tenses especially using direct and indirect speech in these tenses well.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoretical purpose of the study is to contribute to teaching skills and development of teachers’ qualities. While practical purpose is after a systematic analysis, the teacher can determine the level of every learner and the knowledge that is still to be taught. In other words, it tells the teacher how far towards the goal the learner has progressed and what remains for himher to learn. It also can be a feedback for the teacher reflecting how effective heshe is in their teaching style and what changes heshe has to make to reach higher performance from hisher students. Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Previous Studies

Error analysis has been analyzed in some previous theses which help the writer in completing the thesis. Some of the previous studies are: – Batubara 2010 in her thesis entitled An Error Analysis of Auxiliary Verbs Made by the 20062007 Ninth Gra de Students of Ma dra sa h Tsa na wiya h Al-Ulum Meda n. Finds the most error made by students is the using of do 36.26, the using of be 32.90, and an error in using have 30.84. – Napitupulu 2010 in her thesis entitled An Error of Using Adverbs by the Eleventh Yea r Students of SMA Negeri 7 Meda n. Based on her research, there are some errors which made by students omission 21.12, misinformation 25.35, misordering 23.94, and overgeneralization 29.57. – Pujiasi 2010 in her thesis entitled The Errors of Unity and Coherence in Writing English Pa ra graph Ma de by The Sixth Semester Students of D -3 English Study Progra m of USU: A Ca se Study. From the analysis, the errors are appeared especially in using the unity elements. There are 24.03 37 errors and 75.97 117 errors. – Achirani 2011 in her thesis entitled An Error Analysis of Using Present Tense Ma de by Students of Second Yea r Junior High School of Ma drasa h Tsanawiya h Al-Wa shliya h 16 Perba ungan. Finds the most error made by students is present perfect continuous 93.27, simple present 75.74, Present Perfect 69.28, and present continuous 61.71. Universitas Sumatera Utara – Rukiah 2011 in her thesis entitled An Error Analysis in Using Passive Voice Ma de by Eleventh Yea r Students of MAN 1 Pa ya bungan . Her Findings are she counts the percentage of correct and incorrect answers of passive voice by students of 32 questions. Finds the most error made by students in simple future tense 27.75, simple past tense 26.59, and the last is simple present tense 20.23. – Djayanti 2012 in her thesis entitled An Error Analysis of the Use of Simple Sentence Ma de by the Ninth Gra de Students of SMP Negeri 2 Pa ncur Ba tu. Finds the most error made by students is formation errors, involves: preposition, conjunction, noun, adverb, adjective, gerund, modals, be, article, pronoun, and determiner 48.52, arranging errors, involves: misordering of verb phrase and misordering of noun phrase 19.95, deduction errors, involves: -ing, article, verb, preposition, reflexive pronoun, pronoun, determiner, 3 rd person singular verb, possessive maker, and be 25.15, adding errors, involves: deter miner, plural maker ses, -ing, modal, be, possessive maker, verb, preposition, pronoun, adjective, article, noun, and 3 rd person singular verb maker 11.39. The conclusion is the ability in using simple sentences of students in SMP negeri 2 Pancur Batu especially class IX-1 is not good. – Sembiring 2012 in her thesis entitled An Error Analysis of Using Pat Tenses in Na rra tive Text Ma de by the Twelve Gra ders of SMA Negeri 1 Ta njung Mora wa . The finding of analysis shows that the total of students’ correct answers in the test are 807 numbers or 68.97 and incorrect are 363 numbers or 31.03. There are 4 types of errors that for omission are 97 or 26.72. So, the dominant type of error is misinformation. And there are 4 causes of errors that for over- generalization there were 12 or 3.31 for ignore of rule restriction there were Universitas Sumatera Utara 137 or 37.74 for incomplete application of rules there were 93 or 25.62 and for cause of error false concepts hypothesized there were 121 or 33.33. So, the dominant causes of errors were ignorance of rule restriction. – Wahyuni 2014 in her thesis entitled Teaching Writing Design Based on the Students’ Difficulties in Writing Narrative Texts. Concludes that from 35 second grade students of Junior High School, there were 9 students didn’t face difficulty in writing narrative text and 26 students faced difficulties as below: a In using past tense occurred 152 cases or 80.85 from all cases. b In using conjunction occurred 26 cases or 13.83 from all cases. c In using adjective occurred 10 cases or 5.32 from all cases. – Ubol 1981 in his paper entitled An Error Analysis of English Compositions by Tha i Students . He found that there are 3 kinds of errors which are made by the Thai students. They were: grammatical or structural errors 694 occurrences or 34.73 , lexical errors 710 occurrences or 35.53, and error of style 594 occurrences or 29.73. So, the dominant kinds of errors is lexical errors 710 occurrences or 35.53.

2.2 Direct Speech