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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
Language is a system of communication that plays an important role in all aspects of human life. It is the most effective tool of communication for people.
Language makes people understandable of what other people mean. Without language, the world cannot develop normally. People also use language to express
their thought, feeling, and everything in their mind. In society, a language that people use in speaking is really affected by the situation around. Wardhaugh has
defined lang uage itself as “a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication”.
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Language is also a meaning of communication in our social order. The application of Bahasa Indonesia, whether as a way of communication use in
radio, broadcasting, television, or newspaper, may put in the place that is used widely in our country. In addition, Badudu states that language has its own
characteristic in the community, so the language of newspaper which is short, simple, understandable, solid, and interesting.
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He proposes that press as a meaning of mass communication has a big responsibility in the establishment of
language.
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Ronald Wardhaugh, Introduction to Linguistics New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972, p. 3
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Rosihan Anwar, Bahasa Jurnalistik Indonesia dan Komposisi Yogyakarta: Media Abadi, 2004, p. 4
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The use of language in magazines, newspaper, and other mass media is called press.
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In an Indonesian newspaper as one of mass media, there are many words either initially from Indonesian language or other language. They often emerge in
every issue such as economics, politics, social, science and technology, opinion, and cultural issues. The use of language in mass media such as press, radio,
television, has greater influence toward people’s speaking habit in society. The newspaper is reader„s digest. The society read newspaper to follow up the issues
that happened surrounding. Newspaper can be found in every type of our society which has different social classes, whether it is upper class, middle class, or lower
class. Marcelino 1993 in his article quotes the statement from Alisjahbana who
stated that more than 321.000 of modern terms of foreign language have been drafted into Indonesian terminology and used in the school, parliament, and the
mass media.
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Thus the words borrowed from another language are loanwords. A language may borrow some words from other language to fulfill the needs in
extending the vocabularies in one field or to enrich the vocabulary to be able to get along with development of technology, information and the rapid
communication in the Globalization Era. Actually, there are lots of other reasons or motivations in borrowing English
terms such as needs, prestige and so on. Frans van Coestsem says about motivation in accommodate borrowing terms as follows:
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Haris Sumadiria, Jurnalistik Indonesia Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2006, p. 53
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M. Marcellino, Kata Pinjaman Bahasa Barat di Bahasa Indonesia: Suatu Telaah Antardisiplin in: Harimurti Kridalaksana, eds., Penyelidikan Bahasa dan Perkembangan Wawasannya II,
Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia, 1993, p. 205
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“Meanwhile a speaker’s accommodation in his speech maybe is motivated by either prestige or need, or combination of two. So, prestige is as a motivation and
not a result. A speaker using borrowed words maybe is motivated to do so by need, but nonetheless derive prestige from this situation. On the other hand, a
speaker using borrowed words maybe motivated to do so by prestige, while such a
usage is rejected as pretentious by another speaker”.
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A strong influence about the introduction of western language, especially English, in modern sectors has caused the uses of vocabulary from foreign
language into Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, having these foreign loanwords is a very common thing to do in Indonesian mass media.
Kompas is the most widely read newspaper in Indonesia. Published by Kompas-Gramedia Group Publishing since June 28, 1965, it has a reputation in
Indonesia for high-quality writing and investigative journalism. It is written in Indonesian.
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Kompas newspaper has been the great leading newspaper that published nationally and read nationwide by many people in Indonesia.
In this newspaper, there are a lot of rubrics such as Business, Opinions, Teropong, and etc. In this research, the writer decided to use the articles in
Teropong of Kompas ’ newspaper. Teropong articles contains of science and
technology development. Science and technology has recently become an interesting issue in the
Indonesian society. To add when reading that articles, the writer found out that many of the words that are written are commonly loanwords from English, such
as teknologi, telekomunikasi, internet, etc. To conclude, due to some reasons, first is that most of Indonesian words used are loanword, second is that Kompas is the
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Frans van Coetsem, Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact Netherlands: Foris Publications, 1988, p. 14
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Eberhard Ojong, Kompas Background, Accessed on August 19, 2011. http:powercx.com ojong?p=53, p.1
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great leading newspaper in Indonesia, and third that science and technology has been an interesting issue to discuss.
Transferring some word from English into Bahasa Indonesia needs some process to make it suits with Bahasa Indonesia system. The first thing to do in
analyzing is the sound of it. The sound of language expressions consist of phonemic; such as the form of consonant, vowel and diphthong formation, and
also grapheme in the spelling of Bahasa Indonesia. In phonology, there are phonemes, phones, and allophones as a phonological
unit. Moreover, the rules of phonology either in English or Bahasa Indonesia are different, so when some language borrows the words from the other, they adapt it
in phonological or morphological modification. The loanword will be changed based on the rule and habit in the recipient language, for example: teknologi, it is
derived from English “technology”
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. The word “technology” teknɒləʤi
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becomes teknologi téknologi in Bahasa Indonesia, there is a replacement of phonemes ʤ to phoneme g.
In its development, Bahasa Indonesia has been influenced by some languages. Based on the standard of its integration, the absorption of foreign terms
in Bahasa Indonesia can be categorized into three major categories.
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First, the element that is absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia is no longer needed to change the
spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc.
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J.S. Badudu, Kamus Kata-Kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Third Edition. Jakarta: Kompas, 2007, p. 344
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A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, Sixth Edition. Ed. Sally Wehmeir Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 1388
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Frans Sayogie, et al., Kata Serapan Bahasa Inggris dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Laporan Penelitian UIN Jakarta, 2009, p. 61
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Second, the foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into the Bahasa Indonesia, such as reshuffle, shuttle cock, and long march. These
elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context, but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing
rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the form can still be compared with its Indonesian original form.
In addition, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia as the standard in Bahasa Indonesia organizes spelling rules that occurs to loanwords from foreign language
based on its graphemes. There are differences between phonemes and graphemes. If people talk about phonemes, they were talking about the sound; when they talk
about the letter, it was graphemes. Grapheme is the overall of letters or combination of letter that represent phonemes. Basically, Bahasa Indonesia has
different spelling system with English language, both phonemically and graphemically. Some of the rules that are grapheme c, before vowels a, u, or o, is
changed into grapheme k, grapheme f does not change, ph is changed into grapheme f.
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In Kompas’ Teropong articles, there are many of graphemes from English
loanwords is changed into Bahasa Indonesia based on the adjustment of spelling and pronunciation in Bahasa Indonesia system, such as the word kabin from
English word cabin. Grapheme c is changed into k in Bahasa Indonesia when it is put before vowel a
and it’s pronounced as k.
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Hasan Alwi, et.al, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Second Edition Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Jakarta, 1988, pp. 397-400
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Marcellino 1993 mentioned that there are four linguistic factors that influence the use of loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia vocabulary.
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First is filling the non-existence lexicons in Bahasa Indonesia. Second is giving the accurate
meanings in the semantic field, this means that it replaces the Indonesian word itself. Third is filling the specific needs of a register. The last is having the
adaptability with system of Bahasa Indonesia. The fourth factor, which has been mentioned above, related to the
phonological and morphological system of English loanwords in Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, the writer as a student of English Letters is interested in
analyzing phonemic and graphemic change from English into Bahasa Indonesia and process of change of those loanwords that are used in Teropong articles of
Kompas’ newspaper. In this research the writer uses phonological phonemes and graphemes theory.
B. Focus of the Research
Kategori