Sound Change Types of Phonological Change

36

2. Sound Change

Campbell has defined several types of sound changes of loanwords, among which are following. Deletions that consist of Syncope, and Apocope; Insertions that consist of Prosthesis, Epenthesis, and Paragoge; and Metathesis . 55 a Deletions Syncope is the loss deletion of a vowel from the interior of a word not initially or finally. E.g. rocket becomes roket. Apocope refers to the loss apocopation, deletion of a sound, usually a vowel, at the end of a word. E.g. artist becomes artis. b Insertions Prothesis is a kind of epenthesis in which a sound is inserted at the beginning of a word. E.g. phone becomes telepon. Epenthesis is the insertion of an extra consonant within a word. E.g. apartment becomes apartemen. Paragogue is adds a sound usually a vowel to the end of a word. E.g. fact becomes fakta. c Metathesis is the transposition of sounds; it is a change in which sounds exchange positions with one another within a word. E.g. variable becomes variabel. D. Graphemes Grapheme is the overall of letters or combination of letter that represent phonemes. Grapheme f represent fan, ph represent photo, and gh represent cough, 55 Lyle Campbell, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Second Edition, Edinburgh University Press, 2004. pp. 33-39 37 is a grapheme with three variants or allograph. Soenjono Djarwowidjojo states that an ideal writing system is that the relationship between graphemes and phonemes that one-on-one. 56 It means each phoneme is represented by one grapheme with one variant. There are differences between phonemes and graphemes. If we talk about phonemes, we were talking about the sound; when we talk about the letter, it was graphemes. Grapheme is written between the two brackets .... 57 It is true that often the written representations of these two concepts together. For example, to represent objects that used to sit, we write kursi and said it was kursi - in the terms of grapheme there are five units, in the terms of phonemes there are also five units. However, in one-on-one like that does not always be found. Grapheme e, for example, can represent the phoneme e as in sore and phoneme ə as in besar. Conversely, the phoneme f can also represent by two different graphemes: fajar, visa. Phoneme ŋ is expressed by two letters, i.e., n and g, two letters that form one grapheme ng. Before the enactment of EYD, Bahasa Indonesia has some of each phoneme that represent by more than one grapheme. People used to write the word baca and baju with tj and dj - batja and badju, moreover, t, d and i are three graphemes that stand alone. Now, phoneme c and j respectively have been represented by one grapheme, c and j. People still have ng that represents one phoneme N. 56 Soenjono Djarwowidjojo, Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia,Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005, p. 298 57 Hasan Alwi, et.al 2003, op.cit. p. 27 38 This is different with English. It could be argued that English is a language that disorganized in spelling and pronunciation. In this language, a grapheme can be represented by several kinds of allograph or variant. For example, phoneme k, can be represented by eleven allograph: c-cash, cc- account, cch- bacchanal, ck- back, ch- character, cq- acquaint, cque- sacque, cu- biscuit, k- keep, q- barbeque, and qu- liquor. Conversely, one grapheme can represent some phonemes. Grapheme gh can represent phoneme f, as in rough, p as in hiccough, and g as in ghost. 39 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description