13
Based on the restrictions above, it can be seen that the loanwords is the process of borrowing from another language and more less adapted to loan the
rules of language.
4. The Form of Loanwords
Based on the level of its integration in the absorption of Bahasa Indonesia, it can be divides into three major categories.
21
First, the element that is no longer is needed to change the spelling, such as trailer, audiogram, unit, etc. Second, the
foreign elements that have not been fully absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia, as like shuttle cock, real estate. These elements are used in Bahasa Indonesia context,
but the pronunciation still follows foreign ways. Third, the foreign elements both of the pronunciation and writing rules were adapted into Bahasa Indonesia, so the
form can still be compared with its Indonesian original form. It can be divided into three groups, they are:
a. Adjustment of Spelling
In this case, sought for foreign language spelling is changed as needed, so Indonesian form can be compared to its original form. For example, synonym
becomes sinonim, ecology becomes ekologi, and syllabus becomes silabus. The rules of foreign terms absorption in Bahasa Indonesia as follows:
22
If ae unvaried with e, does not change aerobe
aerob aerolit
aerolit aerosol
aerosol
21
Ibid, p. 61
22
Hasan Alwi, et.al, 1988, op.cit. pp. 396-399
14
If ae varies with e, become e anaemia
anemia haematite
hematit haemoglobin
hemoglobin ai does not change
caisson kaison
tailer trailer
au does not change autotrophe
autotrof caustic
kaustik hydraulic
hidraulik c before vowels a, o, u, or the consonant, is changed into k
calomel kalomel
vocal vokal
construction konstruksi
cubic kubik
classification klasifikasi
c before vowels e, i, oe, and y, is changed into phoneme s central
sentral circulation
sirkulasi coelom
selom cylinder
silinder cc before vowels o, u or the consonant, is changed into k
accommodation akomodasi
acculturation akulturasi
acclimatization aklimatisasi
cc before vowels e or i is changed into ks accent
aksen accessory
aksesori vaccine
vaksin
15
ch and cch before vowels a, o, or the consonant, are changed into k charisma
karisma cholera
kolera chromosome
kromosom technique
teknik saccharin
sakarin ch when its pronunciation is c, is changed into c
charter carter
check cek
China Cina
ch when its pronunciation is s or sy, is changed into s echelon
eselon chiffon
sifon machine
mesin e does not change when it appears before consonants
atmosphere atmosfer
system sistem
synthesis sintesis
e which is not pronounced is released phoneme
fonem sulphite
sulfit zygote
zigot ea does not change
idealist idealis
oleander oleander
realist realis
ea when its pronunciation is i, is changed into i team
tim ei does not change
eicosane eikosan
eidetic eidetik
16
pleistocene pleistosen
eo does not change geometry
geometri stereo
stereo zeolite
zeolit eu does not change
eugenol eugenol
euphony eufoni
neutron neutron
f does not change factor
faktor fossil
fosil infuse
infus g does not change
energy energi
gene gen
geology geologi
gh is changed into phoneme g when it appears before vowels sorghum
sorgum i does not change when appears at the beginning of a word before a vowel
iambus iambus
ion ion
iota iota
ie does not change when its pronunciation is i hierarchy
hierarki patient
pasien variety
varietas iu does not change
calsium kalsium
premium premium
stadium stadium
17
ng does not change congress
kongres contingent
kontingen linguistics
linguistik oi does not change
exploitation eksploitasi
oo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is u. cartoon
kartun pool
pul proof
pruf oo double vowels does not change
coordination koordinasi
oolite oolit
zoology zoologi
uo is changed into u, when its pronunciation is u. contour
kontur coupon
kupon group
grup route
rute ph is changed into f
phase fase
physiology fisiologi
spectograph spektograf
ps does not change pseudo
pseudo psychiatry
psikiatri psychosomatic
psikosomatik pt does not change
pteridology pteridologi
pterosaur pterosaur
ptyalin ptialin
18
q is changed into k aquarium
akuarium frequency
frekuensi quantity
kuantitas rh is changed into phoneme r
rhapsody rapsodi
rhetoric retorik
rhombus rombus
sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant, is changed into sk scandium
skandium scotopia
skotopia sc before vowels e, i, and y, is changed into phoneme s
scenography senografi
scintilation sintilasi
scyphistome sifistoma
sch before vowels, is changed into sk schema
skema schizophrenia
skizofrenia scholastic
skolastik t is changed into s, when it appears before vowel i, and its pronunciation is s
action aksi
ratio rasio
th is changed into t orthography
ortografi theocracy
teokrasi thiopental
tiopental u does not change
institute institut
structure struktur
unit unit
19
ua does not change adequate
adekuat aquarium
akuarium quantum
kuantum ue does not change
consequent konsekuen
duet duet
questionnaire kuesioner
ui does not change conduite
konsuite equinox
ekuinoks uo does not change
fluorescent fluoresen
quorum kuorum
quota kuota
uu is changed into phoneme u continuum
kontinum prematuur
prematur vacuum
vakum v does not change
television televisi
vitamin vitamin
vocal vokal
x does not change when it appears at the beginning of word xanthate
xantat xenon
xenon xylophone
xilofon x at the other position, is changed into ks
executive eksekutif
latex lateks
taxi taksi
20
xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks exception
eksepsi excision
eksisi excitation
eksistasi xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk
excavation ekskavasi
excommunication ekskomunikasi
excursive ekskursif
y, when its pronunciation is y, does not change yangonin
yangonin yoga
yoga yuccaganin
yukaganin y is changed into i when its pronunciation is i
synonym sinonim
ecology ekologi
syllabus silabus
z does not change zenith
zenit zirconium
zirkonium zodiac
zodiak Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are
consonants which can make difference in meaning. accu
aki effect
efek commission
komisi solfeggio
solfegio
b. Adjustment of Consonant Clusters
