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In principle, graphemes can represent a phoneme or more.
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The same thing happened in English language. English grapheme is not only that represents a
sound, but also some sounds. Not a few grapheme also which became the basis of how an element adapted, especially if the sound or the element not have
characteristics in common with Bahasa Indonesia phonemes.
a. Pure Phonological Adaptation
Pure phonological adaptation occurs only in English phonemes contained in the phonological system of Bahasa Indonesia. This adjustment is generally carried
out based on pronunciation, while writing adjusted to the rules of spelling in Bahasa Indonesia. If the adjustment occurs by its spelling rule often this is due to
avoid a homonym, perhaps also because the structure of morphology is less appropriate.
1 Grapheme c
Grapheme c before vowel a, u, o, i, and k, in native language is pronounced as k, adapted as k in Bahasa Indonesia. Phoneme k in Bahasa Indonesia has three
allophone which are first allophone at the beginning of syllable whereas second and third allophone at the end of syllable.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
c
canal
k kanal
computer komputer
consumer konsumen
local lokal
director direktur
public publik
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Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, 2005, op.cit, p. 298
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In another position, if grapheme c before vowel e and consonant y is pronounce as s in native language and adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as s.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
c
potency s
potensi producer
produsen
In Bahasa Indonesia system, the phoneme s has an allophone which can be put in the first or the second of syllable.
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This adjustment is based on the pronunciation.
2 Grapheme ch
Grapheme ch adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as c if it’s pronounced as c in
native language.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
ch
China c
Cina
The pronunciation of grapheme ch before consonant is pronounced as k in Bahasa Indonesia which is adapted as k.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
ch
technology k
teknologi
From the data above, it can be seen that the words which follows ch when it’s
pronounced as c in native language it will adapted into Bahasa Indonesia as c and in addition, if grapheme ch is in front of consonant n
and it’s pronounced as k, it will be adapted as k in Bahasa Indonesia. From the data above, it can be
concluded that this adjustment is based on the pronunciation.
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Hasan Alwi, et.al 2003, op.cit. p. 73
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3 Grapheme ea
Grapheme ea which is a basic element of a word, adapted into Bahasa Indonesia
as i if it’s pronounce is i in native language. This adjustment is based on the pronunciation.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
ea
team i
tim
4 Grapheme e
English grapheme e does not change in Bahasa Indonesia when it appears before consonant. From the data below, it can be seen that grapheme e before
consonant m, r, p, n so it does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. It can be concluded this adjustment happened based on the written.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
e
modem e
modem operator
operator reporter
reporter senior
senior
In daily used, people can find some words that are written and pronounced as in language source. Usually those words are common terms used in nearly all
the world. In other case, grapheme e which is not pronounced in language source,
that is released in Bahasa Indonesia. This adjustment based on the pronunciation.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
e
institute -
institut satellite
satelit telephone
telepon
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5 Grapheme f
The process of adaptation rather than elements of English had just occurred. This process was known long before the known of Bahasa Indonesia presence,
when it was still known Malay language because the relationship with the English already established several centuries earlier.
Phoneme f does not change in Bahasa Indonesia because there are foreign words or terms that have this phoneme can be confused with other forms which
are well known, such as: faktor, fatal and fanatik. Phoneme f is also acceptable for not occur homophones. As a result, many words or terms that have been
adapted into p return to p as in his native language. This change occurs in EYD with the inauguration, which was inaugurated f as a phoneme. So, phoneme p is
changes into f in Bahasa Indonesia as a loaned phoneme. It can be found in the form of twins.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
f
film f
film faculty
fakultas information
informasi
Phoneme f has one allophone, that is [f] which can be put in the first or second of syllable.
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From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the written.
6 Grapheme g
Grapheme g in English language is not pronounced same as in Bahasa Indonesia. In English, grapheme g is pronounced as ʤ, but in Bahasa Indonesia
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Ibid.
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as j. Phoneme j in Bahasa Indonesia has one allophone and only can be put at the beginning position of some loanwords, j at the end of syllable, it pronounced
as [j] or changed to [t].
English
Bahasa Indonesia
g
general j
jendral manager
manajer
From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the pronunciation.
7 Grapheme q
Grapheme q in English loanwords is changed into k in Bahasa Indonesia when that position of grapheme before vowel u.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
q
frequency k
frekuensi quality
kualitas
From the data above, it can be seen that grapheme q is adapted as k in
Bahasa Indonesia and it appears at the first and second syllable. It can be concluded that this adjustment is based on pronunciation.
8 Grapheme t
English
Bahasa Indonesia
t
evolution s
evolusi station
stasiun
From the data above, it can be seen that grapheme t in English is changed into s in Bahasa Indonesia when it appears before vowel i,
and it’s pronounced as s. It can be concluded that that this adjustment is based on pronunciation.
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9 Grapheme u
English grapheme u that is pronounced as u is adapted in Bahasa Indonesia as u. This happens because Bahasa Indonesia did not know phoneme u, so this
grapheme which become the base of its adaptation.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
u
multimedia u
multimedia spectrum
spektrum
From the data above, it can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the written.
10 Grapheme v
Grapheme v in English loanwords does not change in Bahasa Indonesia because that consonant does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia system. Bahasa
Indonesia know grapheme v only due to contact with Western society. This adjustment based on the written.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
v
video v
video television
televisi
11 Grapheme x
English grapheme x is in Bahasa Indonesia is generally adapted into Indonesian exact in two ways. If this grapheme occupies a beginning of word, it
does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. If the grapheme x in middle position between two vowels or at the end of syllables, it will be pronounced as ks in
Bahasa Indonesia;
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English
Bahasa Indonesia
x
maximal ks
maksimal oxygen
oksigen
From the data above it can be seen that the words which the grapheme x is adapted to Bahasa Indonesia as ks when it appears in the middle position
between two vowels or at the end of syllables. It can be concluded that this adjustment is based on the written.
12 Grapheme y
English grapheme y is in Bahasa Indonesia is generally adapted into Indonesian exact in two ways as such as grapheme x. If this grapheme is
pronounced as y, it does not change in Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, grapheme y will changed into i in Bahasa Indonesia
if it’s pronounced as i, and this adjustment happens in the pronunciation.
English
Bahasa Indonesia
y
strategy i
strategi
b. Syllabic Adaptation
