listing the indicators, selecting teaching and learning activities, conducting an evaluation survey and revision for the materials design from the writer’s model.
Those six steps will be the basis to design the materials, while R D will supply the procedure to test and revise the design. In other words, R D is the
“umbrella” for the seven steps in the writer’s model. Further explanation of comparison between both procedures, is shown in Figure 3.1 on page 36.
B. Research Participants
In this study, the research participants were divided into two groups. The first group was chosen to contribute the data for needs analysis. They were the
tenth grade students and two English teachers of SMA BOPKRI 2 Yogyakarta. The writer chose the students randomly from the tenth grade and chose the
teachers who had been teaching in the first grade for minimum 5 years. The second group was chosen for the post-design research. The writer
distributed the instructional materials and the questionnaires to three teachers of SMA BOPKRI 2 Yogyakarta who had been teaching for minimum 5 years and
two lecturers of Sanata Dharma University who were expert in teaching listening. The writer expected that the respondents could evaluate the instructional materials
and gave comments and suggestions on the instructional material. By gaining comments, the writer could make necessary changes in the instructional material.
After knowing the research participants, in the next section the writer discussed the instruments applied in this research. The instruments themselves were used to
collect the data from the research participants.
Figure 3.1 Comparison between R D and The six steps of the Writer’s Model
Planning
Stating Basic Competency
Main field testing Selecting teaching and learning
activities Research and Information
collecting
Main product revision Listing the Indicators
Preliminary field testing Develop preliminary form of
product Stating the Competency
Standard and Listing the Topics
Identify Learners’ Characteristic
Operational product revision
Dissemination and implementation
Final product revision Operational field testing
Conducting an evaluation survey and revision
C. Research Instruments
In order to gain the data in Research and Development, the writer used questionnaire as the instrument. There are two forms of questionnaires. The first
one is the open form Best, 1970:163. The open form gives the respondents the opportunity to answer in their own words, since the questions are open-ended. The
open form gives the freedom in giving a response. In this case, the respondents may reveal the information or feeling that will not appear in the close form
Wiersma, 1995:181. The second one is the closed form Best, 1970:162. It has selected response or forced-choice items for which the respondents select from
two or more options Wiersma, 1995:181. The closed form was used in this research, because of its advantages. The closed form questionnaire enhances
consistency of response across the respondents. In this research, the writer conducted the research twice. The first research
or pre-design research was used to gain the information from the respondents. In the pre-design research, the writer combined two kinds of questions in one
questionnaire. The first nine questions were close-ended. The participants simply checked the answer. The last four questions were open-ended. The writer provided
many alternatives and a blank if the answer was not available. The participants could answer more than one based on their opinion. The participants of pre-design
research were first grade students and two teachers of SMA BOPKRI 2 Yogyakarta.
The second research was conducted to gain the information on material that had been designed by the writer, so that the writer could make necessary
changes in the instructional material. The post-design research was conducted to evaluate the product. The questionnaire was attached to the product. In the first
part, there were eight close-ended questions. In the next part, there were four open ended questions.
Therefore, after the discussing the instrument of the research, the discussion moves on to how the writer gathered the data from the participants.
D. Data Gathering Techniques
