this study, the writer employes two instructional design models written by Kemp and Yalden. Those instructional models are combined in order to design a set of
instructional materials.
a. Kemp’s Model
The first instructional design model is Kemp’s model. Kemp’s model is derived from three essential elements. “They are the objectives what must be
learnt, the activities and resources what procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired learning levels, and the evaluation how we will know when
the required learning has taken place” Kemp, 1977:8. Those three elements have been developed into eight important parts in
instructional design Kemp, 1977: 8-9. They are as follows. 1. Consider goals, and then list topics, stating the general purposes for teaching
each topic. 2. Enumerate the important characteristics of the learners for whom the
instruction is to be designed. 3. Specify the learning objectives to be achieved in terms of measurable student
behavioral outcomes. 4. List the subjects content that supports each objectives
5. Develop pre-assessment to determine the student’s background and present level of knowledge about the topic.
6. Select teachinglearning activities and instructional resources that will treat the subject content so students will accomplish the objectives.
7. Coordinate such support services as budget, personnel, facilities, equipment and schedules to carry out the instructional plan.
8. Evaluate students’ learning in terms of their accomplishment of objectives,
with a view to revising and reevaluating any phases of the plan that need improvement.
Figure 2.1 Kemps Model Kemp, 1977: 9
From the perspective of teacher, the main strength of Kemp’s model is that there is a concept that the process of designing and developing can be started from
any step. Another strength of it is that there is an emphasis on the materials, objectives and application, and also the choosing of the learning resources.
Evaluation Learner’s
Characte- ristics
Learning Objective
s Support
Services
Pre- Assessment
Goals, Topics and
General Purposes
Teaching Learning
Activities
, Resource
Subject Content
Revise
Descripti- on of
Purpose Production
of a proto- syllabus
b. Yaldens Model
