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9 Shifts or Transpositions
Catford 1974: 73 defines the translation shifts as “the departures from
formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. ” Vinay and
Darbelnet, as cited in Munday 2008: 57 , defines transpositions as “probably the
most common structural change undertaken by translators. ” Newmark 1988: 85
states that shift and transposition are the same, shift is Catford’s term and
transposition is Vinay and Darbelnet’s term.
Newmark 1988: 85-88 elaborates the types of shifts or transpositions. The first type is the change from singular to plural in a phrase. The first type of
translation shift also includes the change of the position of adjective in a phrase. The second type of shift is the change of grammatical structure because an SL
grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. The third type of shift, according to Newmark 1988: 86,
is “the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural
usage in the TL.” The example of this strategy is provided by Kardimin 2013:
213, such as the clause road safety comes first is translated to utamakan
keselamatan di jalan raya. The fourth type is related to the change of grammatical structure to
overcome the difference of lexical item. Newmark 1988: 87 states “it is the
replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. ” Furthermore,
Newmark 1988: 87 states that a sentence in the SL can be broken into two or more sentences in TL.
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10 Modulation
Modulation, as defined by Newmark 1988: 88, is a strategy used to translate phrases or clauses through a change of viewpoint or perspective. This
strategy is used when the literal translation produces inappropriate translation, as in Newmark’s statement, “free modulations are used by translator when TL rejects
literal translation. ” The example of this strategy is the clause “The people are
against his policy” which is translated into “Orang-orang sama sekali tidak mendukung kebijakannya
.”
11 Recognized Translation
Another strategy is the recognized translation. Translators usually translate the SL word into the official term of the word while applying this strategy.
Newmark 1988: 89 states, “You should normally use the official or the
generally accepted translation of any institutional term.” The example of this
strategy is the English term Trade Minister which is translated into Indonesian
as Mentri Perdagangan.
12 Translation Label
This strategy is usually used by translators when they deal with new institutional term. Moreover, it uses inverted commas. Newmark 1988: 90
defines this strategy as “a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly
withdrawn.
” The example of this strategy is the term bananas in the clause You must be ‘bananas’ The clause is translated into Indonesian as Kamu ‘konyol’
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13 Compensation
Newmark 1988: 90 defines the compensation as strategy which is used to accommodate the meaning of metaphor or pragmatic effect from SL to TL.
Moreover, this strategy is applied because one-to-one translation is impossible to produce equivalent meaning. The example of this strategy is the translation of the
term green with envy
in the clause “Mr. Han always gives compliment to Ann and Alice is green with envy
.” The clause is translated into Indonesian as Pak Han selalu memuji Ann dan Alice pun iri.
”
14 Componential Analysis
Newmark 1988: 114 states that this strategy is used to “compare an SL
word with an TL word which has a similar meaning, but is not an obvious one-to- one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense
components. ” The example of this strategy is the sense analysis on the Javanese
words njlungup and ngglebak. The componential analysis of those words is presented as follows.
Table 2.1.: Example of Componential Analysis
SL Words
Action Position
Cause
1 njlungup fall down
to the front stumbled
2 nggeblak fall down
to the back slipped
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15 Reduction and Expansion
These strategies are also proposed by Newmark 1988: 90. The reduction means reducing component of word or phrase in the SL. It occurs because the
reduction will not change the meaning of the word or phrase, for example The United Kingdom is translated into Inggris. The expansion is the opposite of
reduction. Expansion means expanding the component of word or phrase in TL,
for example Indonesian people is translated into penduduk Negara Kesatuan
Republik Indonesia.
16 Paraphrase
Paraphrase is a translation strategy in which phrases and clauses are explained with different words in order to make the audience understand the
meaning of phrases or clauses. This strategy aims to make an implicit meaning of SL become more explicit Newmark, 1988: 90. The example of this strategy is
the phrase took refuge
in the clause “As the victim, Gary took refuge in his grandmother’s house.” The Indonesian translation of the clause is “Sebagai
korban, Gary mencari perlindungan di rumah neneknya. ”
17 Couplets
This term refers to the use of more than one strategy to translate a unit of language. Newmark 1988: 91 states
“Couplets, triplets, quadruplets combine two, three or four of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing
with a single problem. ”
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18 Notes, Additions, Glosses
Newmark 1988: 91 states that notes, additions, and glosses are related to the supply of additional information in a translation. The examples of those three
strategies are footnotes, notes at the end of chapter, in-text additional information, and glossaries.
This study deals with the theories of verb and translation. Those theories are necessary to present in order to give the readers better understanding on the
topic discussed. Moreover, those theories are applied in order to conduct this study. The theoretical framework presents the theory application; it explains how
the theories are used in this study.
B. Theoretical Framework
This study deals with verbs. Long 1961 and Cobbett 1983 share the same idea in defining verbs; verbs are words that show actions, movement, or
state of being. According to Utah Valley State Writing Center “Types of Verbs,”
2013, verbs are categorized into three, namely action verbs, linking verbs, and helping or modal verbs. This study, moreover, focuses on transitive verbs which
are one of parts of action verbs. Long 1961, Keraf 1984 and Azar 1999 share the same idea in defining transitive verbs. They define transitive verbs as verbs
which have direct object. The definition of verbs helps the readers to understand what meant by transitive verbs.
