Strategies to translate transitive verbs in Anthony Reid`s Australia and Indonesia`s Struggle for Independence.

ii v T C A R T S B A ir S h u l a G a ti n A , ir a s p a

H .2014 . Strategie sto Translate Transiitve Verb sin e c n e d n e p e d n I r o f e l g g u r t S s ’ a i s e n o d n I d n a a il a r t s u A s ’ d i e R y n o h t n

A .Yogyakatra :

. y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E y b d e r e t s a m e b o t t n a tr o p m i e r a s e i g e t a rt s n o it a l s n a r

T learner so fEngilsh

e h T . n o it a l s n a rt n r a e l o h w e s o h t r o f y ll a i c e p s e , ) L F E ( e g a u g n a L n g i e r o F a s a e d e e n e r a s e i g e t a rt

s dt oachievegood rtanslaitonproducts .Howeve,rt hes rtategie s n o it a l s n a rt f o t i n u h c a e e t a l s n a rt o t d e s

u were dfiferent from each other .Thi s e h t n o d e s u c o f y d u t

s analysi so fword sast he uni to f rtanslaiton ,speci ifcally no f o s i s y l a n a e h

t rtansiitve verbs .The biilngua lbook Austra ila and Indonesia’ s e c n e d n e p e d n I r o f e l g g u r t

S w irtten byAnthony Reid ( 2005 )wa schosen t o bet he t i e c n i s t c e j b u s h c r a e s e

r consisted o fsuf ifcien tdata to conduc tthi sstudy .Thi s b r e v e h t e r a p m o c o t r e ti r w e h t d e l b a n e k o o

b s i n Engilsh and Indonesian and t o .s e i g e t a rt s e h t e z y l a n a s b r e v e v it i s n a rt e t a l s n a rt o t d e s u s e i g e t a rt s e h t e z y l a n a o t d e m i a y d u t s s i h T . d e t a l u m r o f e r e w s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r o w T . k o o b l a u g n il i b e h t n

i They were :(1 )

n o d e s a

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I Austraila and Indonesia’ sStrugglef o r e c n e d n e p e d n

I ? (2 )Wha tsrtategie sare used to rtanslate the rtansiitve verb sin s

’ d i e

R book?

s a w y d u t s s i h t f o d o h t e m e h

T documen tanalysis .Thefris tchapte rof t he n a m u h e h t e m a c e b r e ti r w e h t e li h w t n e m u c o d e h t e m a c e b k o o b l a u g n il i b . t n e m u rt s n

i Fu trhe,rt het heo ire sbyKolln( 1990 )andNewmark( 1988 )wereused t a p b r e v e v it i s n a rt s ’ n ll o K . s m e l b o r p h c r a e s e r o w t e h t e v l o s o

t tern s(1990 )were

s ’ k r a m w e N . k o o b l a u g n il i b e h t n i d n u o f s b r e v e v it i s n a rt f o t s il a t u o d n if o t d e s u d e s u s e i g e t a rt s e h t e z y l a n a o t r e d r o n i d e y o l p m e e r e w ) 8 8 9 1 ( s e i g e t a rt s n o it a l s n a rt . s b r e v e v it i s n a rt e h t e t a l s n a rt o t , s i s y l a n a e h t n o d e s a

B there were 170 rtansiitve verb sidenit ifed wtih d e r r u c c o s b r e v e v it i s n a rt e h T . s n r e tt a p b r e v e v it i s n a

rt in the book employed

4 d n a , 2 , 1 s n r e tt a p s ’ n ll o

K .The second ifnding wa son rtanslaiton srtategies . e v if y l n o e r e w e r e h

T ou to ftwenty one srtategie sproposed by Newmark .The ,l a r e ti l e r e w k o o b l a u g n il i b e h t n i s b r e v e v it i s n a rt e t a l s n a rt o t d e s u s e i g e t a rt s , n o it i s o p s n a rt , e s a r h p a r a

p naturailzaiton ,andsynonymy .

: s d r o w y e

K rtansiitveverbs ,rtansiitveverbpatterns ,rtanslaitons rtategies , s ti n u n o it a l s n a rt

ii i v K A R T S B A ir S h u l a G a ti n A , ir a s p a

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A .Yogyakatra :

i d u t S m a r g o r

P PendidikanBahasaI ngg irs ,Universtia sSanataDharma.

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S pahami oleh

. n a h a m e jr e t u m li r a j a l e b g n a y a k e r e m i g a b a m a t u r e t , s ir g g n I a s a h a b r a j a l e b m e p i g e t a rt

S -srtateg itersebu tdipelrukan untuk mendapatkan hasi ltejremahan yang t

a p e

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t Austraila

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P anailsi ssrtategi-srtateg ipenejremahan g n a y h a l a s a m n a s u m u r a u d a d A . t u b e s r e t u k u b m a l a d i d f it i s n a rt a jr e k a t a k ) 1 ( u ti a y , i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a d n a k u j a i

d Berdasarkan pola katakejra rtanstifi ,apa a

j a

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m tersebut?

s i s il a n a h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a d n a k a n u g i d g n a y e d o t e

M dokumen .

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s -teor ipendukung dar iKolln (1990 )dan e T . h a l a s a m n a h a c e m e p m a l a d n a k a n u g i d ) 8 8 9 1 ( k r a m w e

N or iKolln digunakan

w e N i r o e t n a d f it i s n a rt a jr e k a t a k i s a k if it n e d i g n e m k u t n

u mark digunakan untuk

s i s il a n a g n e

m srtateg ipenejremahankatakejra rtansiit fd idalambukut ersebut . g n a y f it i s n a rt a jr e k a t a k 0 7 1 n a k u m e ti d , s i s il a n a l i s a h n a k r a s a d r e B fi t n e d ii

d ikas idenganpolakatakejra rtanstifi.Polat ersebu tadalahpola1 ,2 ,dan4 . Srtateg ipenejremahan kata kejra rtanstifijuga dtiemukan dalam buku tersebut .

5 a d

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s ltieral ,parafrase ,rtansposisi ,naturailsasi ,dansinonim.

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S Number :101214048

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A .Yogyakatra :

. y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E y b d e r e t s a m e b o t t n a tr o p m i e r a s e i g e t a rt s n o it a l s n a r

T learner so fEngilsh

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s s .Howeve,rt hes rtategie s

n o it a l s n a rt f o t i n u h c a e e t a l s n a rt o t d e s

u were dfiferent from each other .Thi s e h t n o d e s u c o f y d u t

s analysi so fword sast he uni to f rtanslaiton ,speci ifcally no f o s i s y l a n a e h

t rtansiitve verbs .The biilngua lbook Austra ila and Indonesia’ s e c n e d n e p e d n I r o f e l g g u r t

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i They were :(1 )

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I ion i n Anthony Reid’ sAustraila and Indonesia’ sStrugglef o r e c n e d n e p e d n

I ? (2 )Wha tsrtategie sare used to rtanslate the rtansiitve verb sin s

’ d i e

R book?

s a w y d u t s s i h t f o d o h t e m e h

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rt in the book employed

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T ou to ftwenty one srtategie sproposed by Newmark .The ,l a r e ti l e r e w k o o b l a u g n il i b e h t n i s b r e v e v it i s n a rt e t a l s n a rt o t d e s u s e i g e t a rt s , n o it i s o p s n a rt , e s a r h p a r a

p naturailzaiton ,andsynonymy .

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ii i v K A R T S B A ir S h u l a G a ti n A , ir a s p a

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a p e

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P -srtateg ipenejremahan

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d Berdasarkan pola katakejra rtanstifi ,apa a

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m tersebut?

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u Newmark digunakan untuk

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d polakatakejra rtanstifi.Polat ersebu tadalahpola1 ,2 ,dan4 . Srtateg ipenejremahan kata kejra rtanstifijuga dtiemukan dalam buku tersebut .

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1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter is the introduction of this study. It consists of six sections; namely the research background, research problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. The research background builds the rationale of the study and presents general aims with a theoretical starting point. The research problems section formulates the problems to conduct this study. The limitation limits the scope and focus of this study. The objective section presents the expected outcomes of this study based on the research problems. The benefit section provides the contribution of this study to parties such as EFL learners and future researchers. The last section of this chapter, the definition of terms, defines the keywords which are used in this research in order to avoid any misconceptions.

A. Research Background

Translation strategies are important to be mastered by learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), especially for those who learn translation. It is important because in order to achieve a good translation product the learners must apply appropriate strategies for each unit of translation. Translation strategies play a substantial role in achieving equivalent meaning in translating words, clauses, and sentences as parts of a complete text. EFL learners possibly encounter difficulties in achieving equivalent meaning in translating. They potentially

replace source language (SL) text with target language (TL) text inappropriately. As a result, the message transferred from SL to TL will be inaccurate and create misunderstanding.

It is necessary for EFL learners to apply translation strategies in order to avoid any inappropriateness in transferring a message from SL to TL. Newmark (1988: 68-90) suggests some translation strategies to achieve equivalent meaning. Those strategies are literal translation, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transposition, modulation, recognized through-translation, translation label, compensation, compensational analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, notes, addition and glosses. Those strategies are commonly used in translating.

This study is to analyze strategies used to translate verbs. Verbs have very important role in clauses. Clauses without verbs mean nothing. As Cobbett (1983: 105) states “there can be no sentences, there can be no sense in words, unless there be a verb.” It means that verbs are important. As the implication, translating verbs should be appropriate and accurate. Otherwise, the sense or message in the SL will be misinterpreted when it is translated into TL.

A verb can have multiple meanings, for example, the word have. If it is put in the clause “They have friendly neighbors in Australia,” that word is

categorized as transitive verb because it is followed by direct object friendly

neighbors. Unlike the clause “Thousands of Indonesian have returned,” the word

have in the clauses are different from each other. Hence, it is important to

consider the context while translating verbs. Otherwise, there will be no exact meaning.

The writer specifies the strategies of verb analysis on the transitive verbs. Gerot and Wignell (1995: 56) state “this is interesting since more than 40% of verbs in the dictionary are listed as being both transitive and intransitive.” Based on those statements, the writer believes that EFL learners must be able to differentiate the types of verb. Then, they can grasp the message in clauses in SL. After that, they can translate the clauses into TL by applying the best strategy for each clause or even for a word.

This study focuses on a historical book entitled Australia and Indonesia’s

Struggle for Independence (O’Hare & Reid, 2005). This book is bilingual, which is written in English with the Indonesian translation. This book is about the struggle of Australia and Indonesia for Indonesia’s independence during the World War Two. Indonesians, at that time, struggled against Japanese and the Dutch. Australia, as the neighbor of Indonesia geographically, helped Indonesia to take its place as an internationally recognized sovereign nation.

The bilingual book Australia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence is chosen to be analyzed in this study since this study focuses on translation. Moreover, it enables the writer to compare the English and Indonesian transitive verbs. This book also provides a great deal of application of translation strategies, to be specific, translating transitive verbs since there are hundreds of transitive verbs in sentences.

The writer analyzes the translation strategies to translate transitive verbs in the book Australia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence because the book can eventually become the medium to study in the translation course, especially translation strategies. The writer believes that by learning and understanding the concept of translation strategies, specifically for transitive verbs, EFL learners can produce meaningful, accurate, and appropriate translation product. This study will give further data on the English transitive verbs and their Indonesian translation, and the strategies applied to translate them.

B. Research Problems

Based on the study background, the writer formulates the problems as follows.

1. Based on transitive verb patterns, what are the English transitive verbs and their Indonesian translation in Antony Reid’s Australia and Indonesia’s

Struggle for Independence?

2. What strategies are used to translate the transitive verbs in Reid’s book?

C. Problem Limitation

The writer limits the discussion in order to focus on two research problems. First, the writer discusses the English transitive verbs and their translation in Indonesian language by considering the English transitive clause patterns proposed by Kolln (1990). Second, the writer will discuss the strategies in

translating those transitive verbs based on the strategies proposed by Newmark (1988).

The clauses that consist of transitive verbs will be the data to be analyzed in this study. The data will be taken from the first chapter of the bilingual book which is entitled Australia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence. This book only contains two chapters. Chapter 1 was written by Anthony Reid; It consists of informative paragraphs while Chapter 2 only consists of pictures arranged by Martin O’Hare. The methodology used in this study is document analysis. Therefore, this study is done by analyzing clauses with transitive verbs found in Chapter 1.

D. Research Objectives

This study has two objectives to be achieved based on the research problems. The objectives of this research are mentioned as follows.

1. To find out the English transitive verbs and their Indonesian translation in Anthony Reid’sAustralia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence.

2. To identify the translation strategies which are used to translate the transitive verbs in Reid’s book.

E. Research Benefits

The expected outcomes of this study will contribute to learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and future researchers. The benefits of this study are presented as follows.

1. For EFL Learners

The findings of this study will be beneficial to EFL learners. EFL learners can learn how to identify transitive verbs and their translation in a bilingual text. Moreover, they are also able to learn translation strategies, especially to translate transitive verbs from English into Indonesian.

2. For Future Researchers

The findings of this study will hopefully be a reference for future researchers who are interested in identifying and analyzing a translation product. The researchers can evaluate the acceptability of the transitive verb translation. Moreover, future researchers can also develop the study by focusing on a broader unit of translation, such as sentences. The researchers can analyze the translation strategies which are used to translate sentences consisting of transitive verbs.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding, this section provides practical definition of terms used in this study. The terms used in this study are defined as follows.

1. Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs as defined by Azar (1999: 208) are verbs which followed by objects. Transitive verbs are the subject of this study. In this study the term

in clauses in the English version of the article in the first chapter of the book entitled Australia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence.

2. Translation Strategies

According to Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003: 67), translation strategies or translation procedures are techniques to translate phrases and clauses. Newmark (1988: 68-90) divides translation strategies into 21, namely literal translation, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transposition, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, compensational analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, and notes, addition and glosses. In this study, translation strategies refer to techniques in translating transitive verbs from English into Indonesian in the first chapter of the book entitled Australia and Indonesia’s Struggle for Independence.

8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the theoretical description, which includes the discussion of theories related to this study; they are about transitive verb and translation. The second part is the theoretical framework; it is used to synthesize all theories elaborated in the theoretical description in order to correlate the theories to the current study.

A. Theoretical Description

The writer elaborates two major parts in this theoretical description; they are the discussion of verb, especially transitive verb, and translation theories. The first part, theories of verbs, provides the definition of verb in general, types of verb, and transitive verb. The second part, theories of translation, elaborates the definition of translation, types of translation, and translation strategies.

1. Verbs

Theory of verbs is the first part of the theoretical description. This part elaborates some theories related to verbs, namely definition of verbs, types of verbs, and transitive verbs. The first section, definition of verbs, gives general description of what verbs are. The second section, types of verbs, explains the

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