16 We would suggest that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings
for the word. It can refer to: 1 translating: the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object; 2 a translation: the product of the
process of translating i.e. the translated text; 3 translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both of the process of translating and the
product of that process. p. 13
Translation, as a final point, can be defined as delivering messages from one language as the SL to other languages as the TLs. Translation can be in the
written or spoken form. Translation, moreover, can be defined as the product of transferring messages. It also refers to mention the written text as the product of
translating the SL text.
c. Types of Translation
Jakobson and Reiss have different division of translation types. Jakobson, as cited in Bassnett 2002: 23, distinguishes three types of translation based on the
manner, they are:
1 Rewording
Jakobson says, “Rewording or intralingual translation means an interpretation of a verbal sign into ano
ther sign in the same language.” A definition of word in a monolingual dictionary is the example of rewording or
intralingual translation.
2 Translation Proper
Translation proper or interligual translation means an interpretation of a verbal sign into another verbal sign in a different language. In other words, this is
the process to transfer a message from one language into a different language.
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3 Transmutation
The last type of translation is transmutation. Transmutation or intersemiotic is an interpretation of verbal sign into nonverbal sign. The example
of this translation is when a person uses the sign language to a deaf person to deliver a message.
Unlike Jakobson, Reiss, as cited in Munday 2008: 72, highlights types of translation by viewing the text. Reiss divides four types of text-type translation;
they are informative, expressive, operative, audiomedial text. The descriptions of those types are presented as follows.
4 Informative Text
The language function in this type should represent objects and facts discussed. Further, the language dimension should be logical because this text
focuses on the content, not the beauty of language. The target text TT consequently transmits the referential content from the source text ST explicitly.
Referential work, report, and lecture are the examples of this type of text.
5 Expressive Text
The language function of this text is expressive in which aesthetic is the language dimension used in this type. Moreover, the beauty of language and
language form become the focus in translating this text. Literary work such as poems, proses, and plays are the example of this type.
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6 Operative Text
The language function of this type is appellative because the function of this text is to persuade the readers. Therefore, the language dimension should be
dialogic. Advertisements and brochures are the examples of this type.
7 Audiomedial Text
Reiss, as cited in Munday 2008: 72, states that this fourth type is the supplement for the other three text functions. This supplementary type is
supported with visual images and music. In other words, audiomedial is the combination of the previous three types of translation with the illustration which
depicts the text. The explanation of translation types proposed by Jakobson and Reiss has a
relation with this study. This study deals with interligual and informative text translation based on Jakobson and Reiss’ types of translation. Moreover, the focus
of this study is on the translation strategies. Newmark’s theory 1988 of
translation strategies is used to conduct this study. The strategies are presented in the following part.
d. Translation Strategies
