14 strategies. Translation studies section is used to show a distinct field of this study.
Definition of translation is used to give a general description of translation; this section presents some definitions proposed by some experts of translation studies.
Types of translation section gives information about three kinds of translation usually applied in translating. Moreover, translation strategies serve as the basic
theory to solve the second research problem.
a. Translation Studies
This study deals with the field of linguistic study, to be specific, translation studies. According to Munday 2008: 1, a translation study is one of
the academic subjects in linguistics field which focuses on translation theory, process, and product as the phenomena of translation. Munday 2008: 1 states
“translation studies is the academic discipline related to the study of the theory and phenomena of translation.” This study deals with translation strategies as a
part of translation theories. This study, therefore, is a part of translation studies.
b. Definition of Translation
Catford 1965: 20 defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language
TL, ” while Newmark 1981: 7 states that translation is a process to replace
information which is written in one language into another language with same meaning. The definitions stated by Catford and Newmark are the same. They say
that translation can be defined as transferring the same message by replacing the languages in written form.
15 Nida and Taber 1982 define translation as reproducing natural
equivalence between SL and TL. They state: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. But this relatively simple
statement requires careful evaluation of several seemingly contradictory elements p. 12.
Pinhuck 1977 also states that translation is related to equivalence. Pinhuck, as cited in Suryawinata and Hariyanto 2003:13, states that translation is a process
to find the equivalence of utterances in SL source language into TL target language. Therefore, translation deals with a process of achieving equivalent
message from SL to TL according to Nida, Taber, and Pinhuck. Larson 1984: 3 defines translation as a form change from a language to
another language; in translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the target or receptor language. Translation, in other words, is about
re-expressing meaning from SL to TL. He states “translation is basically a change
form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written.
”
Bell 1993 defines the term translation into three definitions. First, the term translation refers to the process or the activity of delivering message with
different languages. Second, it refers to the translated text or the product of the process of translating. Third, it refers to both of the previous definitions. Bell
1993 states:
16 We would suggest that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings
for the word. It can refer to: 1 translating: the process to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object; 2 a translation: the product of the
process of translating i.e. the translated text; 3 translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both of the process of translating and the
product of that process. p. 13
Translation, as a final point, can be defined as delivering messages from one language as the SL to other languages as the TLs. Translation can be in the
written or spoken form. Translation, moreover, can be defined as the product of transferring messages. It also refers to mention the written text as the product of
translating the SL text.
c. Types of Translation
