8
development n the green zone for water catchment n Puncak, Bogor, West Java. Ths s not an solated case, n varous forms t also occurs n other areas
n Java and other man slands. The rchness of natural resources themselves has created complex problems, such as has occurred n the slands outsde
Java. Ther explotaton frequently creates an expensve socal and ecologcal mpact on the local communty as well as to the ntegrty of local ecosystems.
The form of extensve ndustral forest explotaton that has occurred n the man slands such as Kalmantan and Sumatra has caused a crss that s
very dficult to restore. Although over ths tme t has been controlled wth varous regulatons and montorng and control nstruments, the ndustral-
scale explotaton has an mportant role n the deforestaton process and the emergence of llegal forest product producton regmes that are more
dficult to control.
1.3.1.2 Water Resource Crisis
It can not be dened that water s very mportant for lvelhoods. Lack of access to drnkng water and santaton, along wth bad envronmental condtons
have a dangerous mpact on the human health. Smlarly, the avalablty of water for food producton s also a very mportant contrbutor to food
securty.
Clmate change Photo Istmewa
9
Accordng to data from the Envronmental Status Report 2002, Indonesan water consumpton s around 3,169x10
6
m
3
, wth projectons that by 2000 consumpton wll be about 6,114x10
6
m
3,
and 8,903x10
6
m
3
by 2015, wth the percentage of ts ncrease between 10 per year 1990-2000 and 6,67
per year 2000-2015.
.
Based on calculatons made by Drectorate General of Water Resource, Java wth hgh populaton and hgh ndustral actvtes, Bal
and East Nusa Tenggara already suffer water deict. Ths deict wll ncrease n lne wth the ncrease of populaton and economc actvtes.
The avalablty of water, for varous needs of the domestchuman settlement sector, agrculture, isheres, anmal husbandry, ndustry and envronment s
very dependent on the clmate, so t s very vulnerable to clmate change. The total water collecton facltes reservors, ponds etc., wth total capacty of
around 5 of run-off, s only able to guarantee supply to about 10 700,000 ha of the total area of the exstng rrgated network. The supply of clean
water through new ppng system only covers about 37 of the urban populaton and about 8 of the rural populaton. The rest s suppled by the
use of groundwater, partcularly shallow ground water, thus t s vulnerable, both n terms of quantty and qualty, partcularly durng the dry season.
Because water supply from surface water s not suficent to fulill the water need of ndustral actvtes, many ndustres use deep groundwater resources.
The excessve use of ground water over the supply capacty causes land subsdence that creates areas vulnerable to lood and salt water ntruson.
The key soluton s suficent budget allocaton to buld water resource nfrastructure together wth the polces to manage the use of groundwater
consstently.
Fundamental changes to water resources wll also cause change n socal systems. The area that at present s recognzed as havng an abundance of
water wll experence major change. Ths wll tend to ncrease the change n the pattern of actvtes from agrculture to non agrcultural actvty as well as
an ncrease of mgraton rate from rural area to sem-urban and urban area.
Water resources are under threat because of the ncreased degradaton of rver watershed area that reduces the quantty and qualty of rver low. In
1984 the number of crtcal water catchments was 22, and now t s 62. Ths s due to factors ncludng: forest clearng and land management practces
n the upper rver areas that creates sedmentaton n the downstream rver area; polluton and ndustral, domestc, agrculture and sold waste, as well
as polluton and mnng practces on land as well as on the waterrver body.
10
Ths results n loodng durng the rany season and drought durng the dry season.
Polluton of rver water s already at a dangerous level. Based on the water qualty crtera n year 20012002, none of the rvers n Indonesa satsfy the
1
st
-Class and 2
nd
-Class of the qualty standard, especally n the downstream secton whch was domnated by the 3
rd
Class. The low dscharge of the rver durng the dry season also results n poor water qualty because of polluton.
Ths condton wll be worsened by the mpact of clmate change that tends to ncrease the ntensty of the ranfall durng the rany season and decreases
the ranfall sharply durng dry season, as well as lengthenng the perod of dry season.
In general, clmate change wll nluence a number of weather parameters ncludng: temperature, ranfall, pressure, humdty, wnd speed and drecton,
cloud condton and solar radaton. The change of ranfall wll effect water- related sectors, such as water resources, agrculture, nfrastructure nclude
settlement, transportaton, hydro power plant and spatal planng, isheres, swamp and peat as well as coastal areas.
The mpacts of clmate change on water-related sectors are, among others: •
Increasng the occurrence of extreme weather that has the potental to cause lood, landslde and drought. These wll ncrease the damage to
nfrastructure; reduce food producton, lead to ndvdual property loss and human casualtes, ncludng the threat of storm and hgh waves that
wll endanger the safety of shppng. The threat of storms could also create refugees from populatons lvng n low-lyng areas, coastal areas
and small slands;
• Decrease the contrbuton of hydro power to the total supply of energy;
• Increase the coastal length that experence eroson;
• The threat of salt water ntruson could cause:
− Reduced qualty and quantty of fresh water supply durng dry season that wll ncrease the processng cost for drnkng water;
− Threat of salt water ntruson to the sources of drnkng water water ntake stes n rvers because of sea level rse;
− Damage to the functon of rce ield as agrculture land and also damage the functon of the rver as fresh water resource;
− Damage to the structure of buldngs; − Reduced ishery producton due to lack of fresh water supply,
especally durng dry season;
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− Socal, economy and envronmental problems n the affected area. •
Dsrupton to nland water transportaton n Kalmantan, because the decrease of rver water level durng dry season wll prevent the passage
of large shps; •
Increased probablty of ire on peat land because of hgher temperature and lower ranfall durng the dry season;
• Threaten mangrove habtat and coral reef as well as ish populaton n
Indonesan waters. •
Increase the threat to bodversty because of changes n land use and vegetaton coverage and the ncrease of human populaton.
• Increased threat of dsease such as malara, dengue fever, cholera and
others.
1.3.1.3 Infrastructure Crisis in Settlement Centers
