12
Ctes are stll usng the open dumpng waste management n landill stes, so the methane gas produced by the anaerobc decomposton process wll
be released to the atmosphere and create global warmng global warmng potental per molecule of CH
4
s 21 tmes greater than a molecule of CO
2
. Based on study of CH
4
gas emsson conducted at waste dumpng locaton at Jelekong-Bandung Drejana, 2007, each kg of waste could release 0.0003335
kg of CH
4
to the atmosphere. The populaton of Indonesa n 2000 was 205.1 mllon wth populaton growth of 1.33 BPS, 2000. If t s assumed that the
waste densty s 196.4 kgm
3
Saptn, 2007, then the amount of methane gas released to the atmosphere n 2006 could reach 40 tons, equvalent to 841
tons of CO
2
. The rapd ncrease of ar polluton along wth the ncrease of populaton
actvtes n transportaton, ndustry, servce and household sectors, has caused an ncrease of lung nfecton, and other dseases such as cancer, reduced
chld ntellgence, and chldren wth autsm born wth heavy metals exceed the permtted lmt. Moreover, fuel combuston n motor vehcle produces
polycyclc aromatc hydrocarbons PAH whch s a carcnogen. Acd ran also occurs n Indonesa wth ranfall pH between 4.5 and 5. The general standard
to determne acd ran s a ranfall pH below 5.6.
1.3.1.4 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry LULUCF Sector
In the forestry sector, the hghest decrease of land coverage occurred n the
Nature as source of lvng Photo Istmewa
13
perod 1997 – 2000 whch was 2.83 mllon ha forest and non forest area per year, wth the hghest rate occurrng n Sumatra wth 1.15 mllon ha per year, followed
by Kalmantan wth 1.12 mllon ha, Sulawes wth 692 thousand ha, Maluku 294 thousand ha and Papua wth 156 thousand ha per year see Fgure 1.
Figure 1. The rate of the decrease of forest coverage n 1997 – 2000 thousands Ha per year
The rate of decrease on forest coverage above has been smaller n the perod of 2000-2005, reducng to 1.08 m ha per year.
About 60 of Indonesa’s greenhouse gas emssons come from the LULUCF sector Indonesa: The Frst Natonal Communcaton, 1999. An nternatonal
scentic publcaton stated that forest and peat land ire n Indonesa n 1997 contrbuted 13-40 of the global carbon emsson Page, et. al., 2002.
Although the calculaton technques used are debatable among experts, Indonesa nonetheless must conduct efforts to reduce forest and land ires.
CO
2
emsson because of forest and peat land ire n Indonesa can be seen n the followng Fgure 2.
In the context of clmate change forests play a key role as a carbon snk absorb carbon, carbon storage store carbon and carbon source emttng
carbon. Deforestaton and degradaton can ncrease the role as sources, whle aforestaton, reforestaton and other plantng actvtes ncrease ts
role as a snk and storage ste. Greenhouse gas emssons from the LULUCF n Indonesa come from deforestaton forest converson to other use such
14
as agrculture, plantaton, settlement. mnng, regonal nfrastructure and degradaton the decrease of forest qualty because of llegal loggng, forest
ire, over-cuttng, land clearance by slash and burn, and shftng cultvaton.
Figure 2. CO
2
emsson mllon ton due to forest ire n Indonesa from Hel et.al., 2007
El Nño events, whch result n dry condtons, are a stmulus for the occurrence of forest and land ire n Indonesa. In addton to El Nño, human factors also
play a role n forest ire. Fgure 3 shows the comparson between hot spot number and the phenomena of El Nño-La Nña n 2006-2007. In general, the
pcture shows the relatonshp between ENSO phenomena and the number of hot spots n Indonesa. Therefore there s a need to prepare mechansms
to antcpate the possblty of extreme clmate event through accurate and nformatve early warnng system to all parts of the communty.
15
Postve value of SOI = La Nña; Negatve value of SOI = El Nño Source: Australan Bureau of Meteorology
Figure 3. The number of hot spot per year and SOI Southern Oscllaton Index n Indonesa,
2002-2007
In the agrculture sector, accordng to calculaton by Agrculture Department, emssons n 2005 were 96.42 mllon tons of CO
2
e Table 1. Most of t 62 comes from rce ield,
Table 1. Green house gas emission from agriculture sector Agriculture Activities
GHG Emission million ton CO
2
e
Rce ield 61.781
Husbandry 19.338
Agrculture Land 3.750
Land ire bush, savannah, shftng cultvaton 3.619
Burnng of agrculture waste straw, rce, corn, sugar cane etc.
7.932
Total 96.420
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1.3.1.5 Marine Sector
