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100 thousand per year SEI, IUCN and IISD, 2001. Early mplementaton of adaptaton efforts could reduce sgnicantly the losses caused by clmate
change. Research has shown that every 1 USD spent on adaptaton could save about 7 USD cost that has to be spent on restoraton because of the
mpact of clmate dsasters Bemans et. al., 2006.
Clmate change wll also cause socal, populaton and cultural change. Varous socal studes found that patterns of socal relatonshp are related closely to
clmate patterns - n other words, socal and cultural patterns are drectly nluenced by local clmatc condtons.
The explanaton above shows that a systematc and ntegrated effort by the global communty to reduce the rate of global warmng, combned wth
efforts to ncrease the copng capacty towards clmate change has become necessary. Fundamental changes to the development plannng system are
therefore needed. The present and future clmate should become one of the man factors n determnng the basc plan of natonal development, for the
short, medum and long term.
Addressng clmate change n the context of development requres effectve clmate change mtgaton, and also a development system that s reslent
to long-term clmate change mpacts. Ths effort requres a cross-sectoral approach at natonal, regonal and local level. Adaptaton efforts must be
combned wth mtgaton, because adaptaton wll not be effectve f the rate of clmate change exceeds adaptaton capablty. Mtgaton s an effort
to reduce green house gas emssons from varous sources and ncrease ther absorpton by varous snks, thus reducng the burden of clmate change
mpacts on future generatons.
1.1 Objective
The objectve n formulatng a Natonal Acton Plan to address clmate change s for t to be used as gudance to varous nsttutons n carryng out
a coordnated and ntegrated effort to tackle clmate change. Addressng the mpact of clmate change should not be conducted by a few sectors only. Good
coordnaton between sectors s essental to ensure the success of clmate change mtgaton and adaptaton efforts n Indonesa. Clmate change and
ts mpacts are complex and dynamc problems. The Natonal Acton Plan
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must therefore be contnuously evaluated and mproved perodcally by varous stakeholders.
1.2 Indonesia in the context of Climate Change
The Republc of Indonesa s the largest archpelagc state n the world, consstng of ive major slands and about 30 smaller groups of slands,
totallng some 17,500 slands. It s stuated between 06°08’ N and - 11°15’ S, and between 94°45’ - 141°05’ E. Indonesa consst of 3.1 mllon km
2
of sea 62 of the total area and about 2 mllon km
2
of land area 38 of the total area, wth the shorelne length of 81.000 km. If the Exclusve Economc
Zone wth an area of 2.7 mllon km
2
s ncluded than the total jursdcton of Indonesa s 7.8 mllon km
2
. Most of the slands of Indonesa are vulnerable to earthquakes and hgh
waves. Ths s due tothe poston of Indonesa, whch s stuated between two shelves, namely the Sunda Shelf, an extenson of the Asan land mass and the
Arafura-Sahul Shelf, part of the combned Australan and New Gunean land mass. These two shelves separate the Islands nto three group of slands: Java,
Sumatra and Kalmantan, whch are located wthn the Sunda Shelf, that starts from the coast of Malaysa and Indo Chna. The depth of the seas on ths shelf
s not more than 233 m. The sea around Iran Jaya and Aru slands, whch are on the Sahul –Arafura Shelf, has a depth of around 233 m. The sea surroundng
the sland groups of Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawes, whch are stuated between the Sunda and Sahul- Arafura Shelves, has a depth of over 5000 m.
Indonesa, wth ts huge number of slands and vast coastlne, has a very hgh coastal populaton - 65 of the populaton of Java lve n the coastal regon,
for example. Ths makes them partcularly vulnerable to clmate change mpacts such as sea-level rse. Indonesa also has extensve forest area but
at the same tme faces the threat of forest damage and s prone to natural dsasters volcanc and tectonc earthquake, tsunam, etc. and extreme
weather events long dry season and loods. Furthermore, t also has hgh levels of urban polluton, fragle ecosystems such as mountan area and peat
land, wth economc actvtes that are stll very dependent on fossl fuel and forest products and has dficultes n shftng to alternatve fuels.
In general global clmate change models forecast that all of the Indonesan regon wll face an ncrease of temperature though at a lower rate than the
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subtropcal regon. For example, Jakarta n July wll experence temperature ncrease of 1.42
o
C every hundred years whle n January ths igure 1.04
o
C. Furthermore, n the Indonesan regon south of equator such as Java and
Bal the begnnng of rany season on average wll retreat and the ntensty of ranfall durng the rany season wll ncrease, whle durng the dry season
the ranfall wll decrease. Therefore the rsk of lood and drought wll ncrease. The opposte s projected to occur for ranfall patterns north of equator.
Sea levels are also changng. Research conducted n varous locatons n Indonesa shows that the sea level has rsen 8 mm per year Bakosurtanal,
2002. If greenhouse gas emssons are not reduced, then t s expected that the sea level could rse 60 cm by the year 2070 ADB, 1994.
Over past four decades, weather-related dsasters such as lood, drought, storm, landslde and forest ire have caused much loss of lfe and lvelhood,
destroyng economc and socal nfrastructure as well as causng envronmental damage. In many places n the world, the frequences and ntenstes of these
dsasters have tended to ncrease Svakumar, 2005. Flood and storm wnds cause 70 the total dsaster and the remanng 30 s caused by drought,
landslde, forest ire, heat wave damage, etc.
Based on the last 10 years 1993-2002 of montorng of rce cultvaton, conducted by the Department of Agrculture, the average area of agrcultural
land affected by drought has reached 220,380 hectare, wth harvest falure over 43,434 ha, equvalent to the loss of 190,000 ton of dred gran. Whle the
area mpacted by loodng s 158,787 ha wth the harvest falure n 39,312 ha equvalent to 174,000 ton dred gran Rzald, 2003. Accordng to the
Agrculture Department, n January-July 2007, the area of agrcultural land that experenced drought was 268,518 ha, wth 17,187 of t sufferng harvest
falure. The result s a reducton of rce producton of 91,091 ton of dred gran.
In Indonesa, there were 1,429 dsasters n the perod of 2003-2005 and 53.3 of these were related to hydro-meteorology Natonal Development
Plannng Agency and Natonal Coordnaton Body for Dsaster Management, 2006. Floodng s the most frequent wth 34, followed by landslde 16.
Clmate change s lkely to cause extremes of drought and ranfall that wll create bgger rsk of clmate dsaster Trenberth and Houghton, 1996; IPCC,
2007; Indonesa Country Report, 2007. The Unted Natons Ofice for the Coordnaton of Humantaran Affars report 2006 ndcates that Indonesa s
one of the countres vulnerable to clmate change related dsasters.
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The decrease of ranfall because of clmate varablty and seasonal varaton wth the ncrease of temperature, has sgnicant effects on water reserves. In
El Nño years, the water volume n reservors has decreased sgnicantly far below normal level, partcularly durng the dry seasons June-September.
Many power plants have produced electrcty below normal capacty n these years. Data from 8 reservors 4 small reservors and 4 large reservors
n Java have shown that durng the El Nño years of 1994, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006, most of the power plants operatng wth these 8 reservors
have produced electrcty below ther normal capactes Indonesa Country Report, 2007.
The ncrease of sea surface temperature, partcularly durng the 1997 El Nño, has caused serous problems to coral reef ecosystems. Wetlands Internatonal
Burke et al., 2002 reports that the 1997 El Nño destroyed about 18 of the coral reef ecosystem n Southeast Asa. Coral bleachng occurred n many
places such as East Sumatra, Java, Bal and Lombok. In the Serbu slands about 90 – 95 of coral reefs at the depth of 25 m have experenced coral
bleachng.
Weather varaton such as the El Nño – Southern Oscllaton ENSO has contrbuted to the spread of dseases such as malara, dengue fever, darrhea,
cholera and other vector-borne dseases. The World Health Organzaton WHO has found that the spread of malara s trggered by above-normal
ranfall and also nluenced by unstable weather transtons such as rapd changes from heavy ranfall to hot sunny days. Ths condton ncreases the
rate of mosquto breedng.
Long dry season Photo Istmewa
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In Indonesa the ncrease of ranfall above normal level occur partcularly durng La Nña years wet years. Dengue fever cases also ncrease sgnicantly
durng these perods. The ncdence of dengue fever n several bg ctes n Java has ncreased consstently, based on the 1992 to 2005 perod data
Indonesa Country Report, 2007.
Accordng to the Department of Marne Affars and Fsheres, n just two years 2005-2007, Indonesa has lost 24 small slands: three n Nanggroe Aceh
Darussalam NAD, three n North Sumatra, three n Papua, ive n Rau Islands, two n west Java, one n South Sulawes, and seven n the regon of Serbu
Islands, Jakarta. Most of these slands are lost because of eroson, worsened by commercal mnng actvty. In addton, the Aceh tsunam n 2004 also
destroyed three local small slands. The loss of these slands, partcularly along the boundary wth other States wll have legal mpact that wll harm
Indonesa. The loss of these slands orgnally used as a reference pont for the boundary between Indonesa and other States wll reduce the area of
Indonesan seas.
The dverse ecosystems n Indonesa nluence the cultural characterstcs of the communty. Hghland and lowland communtes have dfferent
characterstcs, for example. These features are closely related to geographc and ecologcal characterstcs. The fundamental changes to the mcro clmate
pattern and the water avalablty wll nluence the socal system and the patterns of nteracton of the local communty. The antcpaton of clmate
change n varous Indonesan regons should therefore become an mportant consderaton n every step of adaptaton and mtgaton of clmate change.
1.3 The State of Indonesian’s Social – Ecological Crisis
