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could be absorbed s shown n table 2. The total amount of pure carbon absorbed s 67 mllon ton per year or
equvalent to 245.6 mllon ton CO
2
per year. These covers certan coral reef that could absorb 20 mllon ton carbons per year that equvalent wth 73.5
mllon tons CO
2
per year and mangrove that absorb 20.6 mllon tons carbon each year that equvalent wth 75.4 mllon ton carbons per year. Whle,
carbons absorbed by phytoplankton at sea s about 40.4 mllon ton CO
2
per year. And from sea grass ecosystem s estmated about 15.3 mllon ton carbons or equvalent wth 56.3 mllon ton CO
2
per year. Clmate change gves mpact to coastal ecosystem, partcularly related wth:
- Sea level rse
- Change on surface temperature
- Change on the water acdty.
- Increase the frequency and ntensty of extreme events such as tropcal
storm and hgh waves. The contnuaton mpact s the nundaton of cultured isheres area, loss of
economc asset and nfrastructure, ncrease eroson and damage to cultured ste n coastal area along wth coastal bodversty and small slands.
No. Ecosystem
Area km
2
Carbon Absorption million ton Cyear
CO
2
Absorption million ton CO
2
year
1. Coral reef
61,000
20.0 73.5
2. Mangrove
93,000 20.6
75.4
3. Sea grass
30,000 15.3
56.3
4. Open Sea
5,800,000 11.0
40.4 Total
66.9 245.6
Table 2. Estmaton of CO
2
e total that has been absorbed by marne and coastal ecosystem n Indonesa
The loss suffered by coastal communty and isherman both captured and cultured isheres s n the form of:
- The decrease of coastal and small slands envronment qualty because of
coastal eroson, salt water ntruson, and polluton. -
The decrease of isheres producton because of the damage on mangrove and coral reef ecosystems as the result of the ncrease of sea surface
temperature and the change of groundwater regme. -
Fsherman needs longer tme and bgger coast to go to the sea because
58
of ish mgraton as well as isheres habtat and ishng ground damage. -
Damage to the cultured isheres land because of nundaton by sea water as well as lood as the result of sea level rse.
- Housng damage and the potental loss of lfe because of extreme events
such as tropcal storms and hgh waves Today Indonesa has 400 thousands hectare of bracksh water pond isheres
and varous isheres nfrastructure. The mpact of clmate change to part of ths land, for example nundaton wll dsturb the isheres producton
partcularly shrmp whch s the strategc export commodty. Besde that the mpact of clmate change wll worsen the socal economy condton of about
8,000 coastal vllages wth populaton about 16 mllon peoples.
Furthermore, the ncrease of eroson wll threaten 12 of the 92 outer small slands that have functon as reference pont of the Republc of Indonesa
terrtory. The loss of these slands, as well as the decrease of resources along wth the communty socal economc condton wll nluence the natonal
securty and reslence.
Mnstry of Marne Affars and Fsheres Programs related wth clmate change and ts mpact to coastal and small slands s drected to ncrease the coastal
and small slands capacty n absorbng carbon and the marne natural functon to adapt to clmate change.
The efforts to ncrease carbon emsson capacty that could be conducted by marne sector covers:
a. Mangrove and coastal vegetaton plantng wth communty nvolvement and at the same tme to ncrease ther ncome.
b. Coral reef rehabltaton through transplantaton and artical coral reef. c. To expand the Marne Protecton Area MPA. In 2007, the extent of the
MPA n Indonesa s 8.3 mllon hectares. The am s to expand the MPA n Indonesa up to 10 mllon hectares and ncreasng t up to 20 mllon
hectares n 2020.
Forest, agrculture land and marne management strategy s estmated to produce an ncrease on CO
2
e net n 2025 as much as 947 mllon tons.
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3.2 ADAPTATION
