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− Socal, economy and envronmental problems n the affected area. •
Dsrupton to nland water transportaton n Kalmantan, because the decrease of rver water level durng dry season wll prevent the passage
of large shps; •
Increased probablty of ire on peat land because of hgher temperature and lower ranfall durng the dry season;
• Threaten mangrove habtat and coral reef as well as ish populaton n
Indonesan waters. •
Increase the threat to bodversty because of changes n land use and vegetaton coverage and the ncrease of human populaton.
• Increased threat of dsease such as malara, dengue fever, cholera and
others.
1.3.1.3 Infrastructure Crisis in Settlement Centers
Untl now, the regonal nfrastructure development model has tended to put pressure on rural settlement and producton areas n varous ways as has
been mentoned above. Mtgaton efforts through control of deforestaton wll face conlct wth local lvelhoods. Rural poverty wll put new pressure on
forest regons, as well as the expanson of the explotaton of ndustral forest products. Moreover, a smlar crss becomes the man drver of mgraton
from agrculture andor rural regons to the urban centers.
Urban areas, wth lmted nsttutonal capacty, and wthout support from the polcy framework or suficent fundng focussed on safety and welfare of the
cty populaton, are not well prepared to cope wth ths urbanzaton process. Problems of clean water, waste, buldng and housng codes, as well as publc
transportaton nfrastructure have pushed the systemc crss n cty centers.
On average, the Indonesan populaton produce about 2.75 lters of waste per person each day. For example, Jakarta wth a populaton of 12 mllons could
produce up to 33,000 m
3
of waste per day. Because the exstng nfrastructure s not suficent, much waste s thrown drectly nto the envronment, such
as rvers, empty lots and nto the sea, thus causng envronmental polluton. Moreover, there have been ncdents of socal conlct related to the
management of waste landill stes that have even caused loss of lfe as the result of napproprate management the exploson of Leuw Gajah landill
ste, n Cmah, West Java, for example.
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Ctes are stll usng the open dumpng waste management n landill stes, so the methane gas produced by the anaerobc decomposton process wll
be released to the atmosphere and create global warmng global warmng potental per molecule of CH
4
s 21 tmes greater than a molecule of CO
2
. Based on study of CH
4
gas emsson conducted at waste dumpng locaton at Jelekong-Bandung Drejana, 2007, each kg of waste could release 0.0003335
kg of CH
4
to the atmosphere. The populaton of Indonesa n 2000 was 205.1 mllon wth populaton growth of 1.33 BPS, 2000. If t s assumed that the
waste densty s 196.4 kgm
3
Saptn, 2007, then the amount of methane gas released to the atmosphere n 2006 could reach 40 tons, equvalent to 841
tons of CO
2
. The rapd ncrease of ar polluton along wth the ncrease of populaton
actvtes n transportaton, ndustry, servce and household sectors, has caused an ncrease of lung nfecton, and other dseases such as cancer, reduced
chld ntellgence, and chldren wth autsm born wth heavy metals exceed the permtted lmt. Moreover, fuel combuston n motor vehcle produces
polycyclc aromatc hydrocarbons PAH whch s a carcnogen. Acd ran also occurs n Indonesa wth ranfall pH between 4.5 and 5. The general standard
to determne acd ran s a ranfall pH below 5.6.
1.3.1.4 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry LULUCF Sector
