BACKGROUND 1 NATIONAL ACTION PLAN TO ANTICIPATE CLIMATE CHANGE 37

v TABLE OF CONTENTS Keynote Speech – President of the Republic of Indonesia iii

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND 1

1.1. Objective 2 1.2 Indonesia in the Context of Climate Change 3 1.3 The State of Indonesian’s Social-Ecological Crisis 6 1.3.1 Management of Space and Natural Resources 7 1.3.1.1 The Agrarian Crisis 7 1.3.1.2 Water Resources Crisis 8 1.3.1.3 Crisis on the Infrastructure in Settlement Centers 11 1.3.1.4 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry LULUCF Sector 12 1.3.1.5 Marine Sector 16 1.3.2 Management of Energy 18 1.4 Indonesia’s Commitment to Safeguard Global Climate 19 1.4.1 Mitigation Effort 20 1.4.2 Adaptation Effort 22 1.4.3 Efforts in Supporting Mitigation and Adaptation Simultaneously 24 CHAPTER II THE OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANTICIPATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 27 2.1 The Past and Present of Development Pattern 27 2.2 The Objectives of National Development with Climate Change Anticipation Agenda 28 2.2.1 Mitigation Agenda 28 2.2.2 Adaptation Agenda 29 2.3 The Principle of National Development Management 30 2.4 Time Frame for the Implementation of the National Action Plan 31 2.5 Speciic Strategy in Key Policies Areas 33 2.6 Production and Public Services Sectors 34 2.7 The NAP Spatial Scale and Time Limitation of and the Coverage of the Need for Policy Integration 34

CHAPTER III NATIONAL ACTION PLAN TO ANTICIPATE CLIMATE CHANGE 37

3.1 Mitigation 37 3.1.1 Energy Sector 37 3.1.2 LULUCF Sector 48 3.1.3 Marine and Fisheries Sector 56 3.2 Adaptation 59 3.2.1 Water Resource Sector 61 3.2.2 Agriculture Sector 63 3.2.3. Coastal, Marine and Fisheries Sector 67 3.2.4. Infrastructure Sector 69 3.2.5. Health Sector 70 v 3.2.6 Forestry and Biodiversity Sector 71 3.2.7 Cross Sector 72 3.3. Institutional Capacity Improvement and Action to Develop and Implement Mitigation and Adaptation Programs 72 3.3.1. Harmonization and Revision of Regulation and Policy Framework for Sustainable Development Management 73 3.3.2. Technology 75 3.3.3. Funding 77

CHAPTER IV INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ANTICIPATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE