Management of Energy The State of Indonesian’s Social – Ecological Crisis

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1.3.2 Management of Energy

In energy sector, Indonesan energy consumpton has growth rapdly snce 1970. In the perod 1970-2003 the growth of inal energy consumpton n Indonesa reached 7 p.a., whle the growth of global energy consumpton was only 2 p.a. At that tme energy conservaton n Indonesa was not yet optmal and stll lmted to the development of renewable energy. Indonesan energy polcy up to 2003 stll placed fossl fuel as man energy source wth 95 of the total energy, wth renewable energy only 5. From Natonal Communcaton data n 1994, energy consumpton n Indonesa conssted of consumpton n domestc household and commercal buldngs, ndustry, transportaton, and power plant that release around 170.02 mllon tons of CO 2 . Emssons from energy consumpton consttuted 25 of the total Indonesan emsson whch was 748.6 mllon tons. However, total emssons from the Indonesas energy sector are stll very small compared to developed countres. Data from the Internatonal Energy Agency shows that n 1994, global emsson of CO 2 from energy consumpton combuston of fossl fuel was around 21 bllon tons. Therefore, Indonesan CO 2 emsson from energy consumpton n 1994 only contrbuted around 0.81 of global emssons. Populaton and economc growth along wth technology development wll ncrease CO 2 emsson. Wthout nterventon to reduce ths emsson, the energy sector of Indonesa wll emt about 1,200 mllon tons of CO 2 n 2025 PE-UI, 2006. Ths can be seen n the followng Fgure 5. Figure 5. Projecton of CO 2 emssons from energy sector of Indonesa wthout nterventon Busness as Usual – BAU 19

1.4 Indonesia’s Commitment to Safeguard Global Climate

Indonesa has gven specal attenton to envronmental management snce the early 1980s. The extent of socal ecologcal damage up to now remans a real stmulus for Indonesa to take stronger ntatves n restorng and managng the envronment. Although Indonesa does not have any oblgaton to reduce ts greenhouse gas emssons, t does have an nterest n playng an actve role n global efforts to tackle clmate change. Indonesa ratied the Unted Natons Framework Conventon on Clmate Change through Act No.6, n 1994. Ten years later, Indonesa ratied the Kyoto Protocol through Act No. 17, n 2004. Ths commtment now requres a thorough effort and real acton, coverng all sectors that contrbute to greenhouse gas emssons and carbon sequestraton. Ths commtment must also be mplemented along wth efforts to mprove welfare and envronmental qualty, whch s relected n the management of consumpton and producton prortes for mtgaton and adaptaton. Indonesa has conducted several natonal strategy studes on the energy and forestry sectors n relaton to the above commtment. In addton, through comprehensve studes, Indonesa has dentied several potental programs to reduce emssons from the ol and gas, forestry, transportaton, and sold waste sectors and from the applcaton of new and renewable energy. The formulaton of natonal strategy along wth ts Natonal Acton Plan NAP for mtgaton and adaptaton to clmate change represents gudance to that effort. The NAP s a dynamc nstrument that must be examned perodcally and revsed and mproved n ts effectveness accordngly. Ths gudance must also be clear to show to all relevant partes how to mplement actons n managng the producton and consumpton sectors as well as soco- ecologcal change. The acton plan wth mplementaton methodologes, montorng and control of the executon must be able to overcome the low degree of coordnaton between stakeholders and other exstng nsttutons as well as socal obstacles at the present tme. Therefore, the NAP as a dynamc document should systematcally drve all parts of socety toward a way of lfe that antcpates clmate change. Socal engneerng should be conducted n a spatal approach n order to take nto consderaton the mcro scale of local socal characterstcs. Through ths approach t s expected that communtes could adapt proactvely to