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communty economc hstorcal base, and ths has apparently accelerated ecologcal damage n varous areas of Indonesa.
1.3.1 Management of Space and Natural Resources
Over ths tme the management of development processes has not yet used a strct accountng model that ensures the securty of space, land, water and
all ts publc resources. In addton, nsttutonal and ndvdual practces regardng land use and natural resources are subject to sectoral stpulatons
that are not well mplemented or evaluated at local and central levels. Wth those two weaknesses, there has untl now been a deepenng and extenson
of the crss that not only covers the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry LULUCF as determne by Kyoto Protocol but also cover the scarcty and
conlct of nterest over rghts and access to land, water and local natural resources ncludng mnng materals, forest and marne bomass, as well as
regonal nfrastructures.
1.3.1.1 The Agrarian Crisis
Food producton lands, for example contnue to decrease because of converson from rrgated lands to ndustry or urban functons. Forest
land wth ts varety of land ttles, and wth ts use deined by government regulatons has become a complex ield of conlct of nterest. These are
also mrrored n the worsenng avalablty of socal-economc requrement of food producers, because of the concentraton of land ttle, pressure on
the exchange value of rural product along wth the ndrect mpact of the mplementaton of unsutable sector polcy, among other reasons. The scale
of ths agraran crss has become one of the most mportant contrbutory factors underlyng the ncrease of envronmental damage n general. For
central urban settlements, partcularly n bg ctes and secondary ctes, the falure to control the utlzaton and ownershp of the cty’s land and the cty’s
frnge land have complcated efforts to allocate land to accommodate the need for extenson of cty and ndustry nfrastructure. Cty expanson tself
has cleared away areas wth vtal and crtcal ecosystems for the sustanablty of local hydrology. The best example of ths s the falure to control the
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development n the green zone for water catchment n Puncak, Bogor, West Java. Ths s not an solated case, n varous forms t also occurs n other areas
n Java and other man slands. The rchness of natural resources themselves has created complex problems, such as has occurred n the slands outsde
Java. Ther explotaton frequently creates an expensve socal and ecologcal mpact on the local communty as well as to the ntegrty of local ecosystems.
The form of extensve ndustral forest explotaton that has occurred n the man slands such as Kalmantan and Sumatra has caused a crss that s
very dficult to restore. Although over ths tme t has been controlled wth varous regulatons and montorng and control nstruments, the ndustral-
scale explotaton has an mportant role n the deforestaton process and the emergence of llegal forest product producton regmes that are more
dficult to control.
1.3.1.2 Water Resource Crisis
