Positive politeness strategy The Types and Realizations of Politeness Strategies

the speaker who is repeating the words to london, that means the speaker uses the words to strees the emotional agreement to the speaker’s ideas. 6 Avoid diagreement As stated by Esther N. Goody 1978 : 113, the sixth strategy of positive politeness strategy can happen in four ways; first, token agreement that means a way to make false agreement or pretending to agree with the statement; second, by using pseudo agreement; third, white lies which defines the speaker makes the white lies to state the ideas; and fourth, by using hedges to deliver the opinions. According to Goody 1978, the example of the strategy is shown in the utterance, “I really sort of hope....”. The reason why it names avoid disagreement because the statement uses the words really sort which is the hedge expression has a function to make the answer is not to be seen to disagree the statement. 7 Presupposeraiseassert common ground Goody 1978 : 117 states that presuppose strategy is a way to talk or speak regarding unrelated topics in the conversation. The example of presuppose based on Goody 1978 : 119 is in the utterance in which the context is the conversation between the doctor to the patient, “Now, have we taken our medicine?”. The example explains that the speaker thinks that she or he equals to the hearer’s knowledge about the speaker’s ideas which is proved that the doctor feels that the patient has the same knowledge with her or him. 8 Joke Joke is a strategy that used in the communication to make the conversation is closer between the speaker and hearer. Based on Goody 1978 : 124, joke is very useful to share knowledge. Related to the statement, this is an example of the strategy that taken from Goody 1978 : 124 in the utterance, “How about lending me this old heap of junk?” the hearer’s new Cadillac. The example is categorized as a joke because the speaker directly says to the hearer about this heap eventhough the hearer has the new one. It is the kind of jokes. 9 Assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants Goody 1978 : 125 believes that the strategy happens when the speaker who he or she is making statement to the hearer because she or he understands that the hearer want so that they cooperate one another in a communication. An example of the strategy according to Goody 1978 : 125 is in the expression, “I know you love roses but the florist didn’t have any more, so I brought you geranium instead”. The example reveals the speaker’s strategy based on his or her knowledge about the hearer wants that is proved in the statement, I know you love roses but. Then, the speaker uses so to clarify his or her statement. 10 Offer, promise According to Goody 1978 : 125, he defines that by using offer and promise in the statement, the conversation is more polite. The example of the strategy taken from Goody 1978 : 125 is in the expression, “I’ll drop by sometime next week”. The example means that the speaker has a good intention to satisfy the hearer’s face wants, so the speaker uses the promise expression in the word I’ll..., the speaker chooses the words in order to make the cooperation between the speaker and the hearer. 11 Be optimistic In reference to Goody 1978 : 126, he states that the strategy exists by using or applying the optimistic expression in the statement. An example of the strategy as shown in Goody 1978 : 126 is “You’ll lend me your lawnmower for the weekend, I hope”. The expression of I hope means the speaker is an optimistic person to the hearer, so the hearer will cooperate with the speaker statement. 12 Include both speaker and hearer in the activity Goody 1978 : 127 defines that the strategy occurs by using the form “we” in the expression when the speaker says you or me to the hearer that means “they are”. The example of the strategy according to Goody 1978 : 127 is in the utterance, “Let’s get on with dinner, eh?”. The example means that the speaker invites the hearer to have dinner in the word, Let’s. The invitation is not to the hearer only, but it includes the speaker to have dinner together. 13 Give or ask for reasons As stated by Goody 1978 : 128, give or ask for reasons strategy is a strategy when the speaker asks for the reason regarding a topic in the communication. In addition, it usually uses the word why in the beginning of the statement. An example of the strategy that is shown in Goody 1978 : 128 is in the utterance, “Why not lend me your cottage for the weekend?”. The example explains that the speaker needs the hearer to give the reason about the topic to show positive politeness strategy. 14 Assume or assert reciprocity In the description of Goody 1978 : 129, assume or assert reciprocity is the strategy which exists when the speaker asks for the hearer to do something benefits. The speakers says with the positive politeness expression in order to create the cooperation and effect for what is said with the hearer. An example of the strategy that is taken from Goody 1978 : 129 is in the utterance, “I’ll do X for you if you do Y”. It means that the speaker needs the reciprocity to the hearer about what the speaker will do to the hearer. 15 Give gifts to hearer Goody 1978 : 129 states that the strategy happens when giving the expression like goods, sympathy, understanding, and cooperation to the hearer. An example of the last strategy shown in Goody 1978 : 129 is “I’m sorry to hear that your grandma passed away a week ago. I’m sorry”. The example explains that the speaker’s expression using sympathy form to the hearer about the news that is proved in the statement I’m sorry to hear that.

c. Negative politeness strategy

In Yule’s argument 1998, negative politeness strategy is a way to aware the people’s negative face and not to impose it. It usually uses the typical modal verb. These are ten realizations to show negative politeness strategy. 1 Be conventionally indirect In reference with Goody 1978 : 132, he states that the strategy occurs when the speaker has to express the negative politeness strategy indirectly. An example of the strategy based on Goody 1978 : 133 is in the utterance ”Can you please pass the salt?”. The expression is indirect because the speaker uses the modal verb in Can you please as the expression of indirect request to the hearer or it can be explained that the speaker changes an imperative form into a question form. 2 Question, hedge In the second strategy of negative politeness, Goody 1978 : 145 explains that using hedge in the statement is needed to make the statements are true, partially true, or even more true than perhaps might be expected. The example of the strategy performed by Goody 1978 : 145 is in the utterance, “You’re quite right”. The example shows the use of hedge in the word quite. The function of hedge in the statement is to show negative politeness strategy. 3 Be pessimistic Be pessimistic’s strategy that is described by Goody 1978 : 173 happens when the speaker gives the pessimistic expression to the hearer although the hearer wants to accept what the speaker tells or not. According to Goody 1978 : 174, the example of be pessimistic is in the utterance, “I don’t suppose there’d be any possibility of you”. The example proves that the speaker states the expression of pessimistic like I don’t suppose and possibility. Those are the statements that indicate the hearer does negative politeness strategy using be pesimistic. 4 Minimize the imposition Goody 1978 : 176-177 explains that the strategy can happen when the speaker says to the hearer by using some words like just, taste, and so on in order to minimize the imposition. The example of the strategy shown in Goody’s book 1978 : 177 is in the utterance, “I just ask you if you could lend me a pen?”. The example means that the speaker uses just to substitute the only or exactly to minimize the imposition of the speaker. 5 Give deference In Goody’s idea 1978 : 182 states that the strategy occurs when the speaker has to take attention to his or her attitude or respect to the hearer in the conversation. An example of give deference performed by Goody 1978 : 183 is in the utterance, “Excuse me, sir, but would you mind if I close the window?”. The example employs the use of sir which means that the speaker gives the respect to the hearer in order to ask for help to the hearer to close the window. 6 Apologize Based on Goody 1978 : 187, the strategy is on how the speaker makes the expression of apologize by using sorry, forgive, and so on. In other words, it is used to show reluctance. An example of apologize illustrated by Goody 1978: 189 is in the utterance, “I’m sorry to bother you”. The example proves an apologize expression in the use of the statement sorry which is to show polite expression especially in negative politeness strategy. 7 Impersonalize In the opinion of Goody 1978 : 190, he states that impersonalize is a way on how the speaker tells something to the hearer without mentioning the name or someone’s pronoun whom the speaker talks to. An example of impersonalize according to Goody 1978 : 190 is in the utterance, ”It is so”. The speaker does not mention he or she, but the speaker states what he or she wants to say directly without mentioning someone’s pronoun. 8 State the FTA as a general rule Based on Goody 1978 : 206, the strategy is a way on how the speaker does not want to use pronoun like you, me, or so on because the speaker uses the words in common, so the hearer can join and follow what the speaker says. An example of the strategy illustrated by Goody 1978 : 206 is in the expression, “Passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train”. In the example, the speaker asks for the hearer passengers to do something, yet the speaker does not mention you which refers to the passengers, but directly mentions passengers. It can be concluded that the speaker states the FTA as a general rule in the communication. 9 Nominalize The realization is named nominalize. According to Goody 1978 : 207, he explains that the realization happens when the speaker makes the statement to the hearer and it can be stated into two forms and so on. The example of