Discussion FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Oprah explains on how her father is very strict to her. It is started when she starts her career as an anchor on TV and it is airing at 10 until 10.30 p.m., but she must at home by 11 o’clock. It can be shown in the next dialogue. Oprah : My father still had an 11 o’clock curfew. Can you believe a thing? That I am ---that I am the 10 o’clock anchor in Nashville Tennessee. Amanda : Yeah. datum number 5 In the conversation is considered as positive politeness in the statement Can you believe a thing, Oprah Winfrey wants the hearer to give the attention to her regarding to her explanation. Another data comes from datum number 10 that contains positive politeness strategy. Amanda : Great. So, often in your career I’m sure you were a minority. Perhaps as the only woman.The only black person, the only person from a poor family. Did this affect you on your professional path? And now how did that impact how you lead and how you might help people who may be feeling that same thing? Oprah : Okay, Amanda, that’s a lot of questions. datum number 8 In the show, Amanda asks Oprah that is on how her professional way has impact in her life even she is the only black woman. Then, Oprah states by employing positive politeness strategy in the words that’s a lot of questions in order to make Amanda as a host of the program focused on Oprah Winfrey. In addition, it is also stated as a joke to invite the attention of the hearer. Amanda : So you used that as momentum just to leave, cut your losess and go. Oprah : No, I just said, I filed it away. There will come a time . datum number 12 In the datum number 12, Oprah states No that means she does not cut her losses but she still works to reach her future. She believes time will come to her, then. In the datum, she uses positive politeness that is reflected in the statement No, I just said. It motivates the hearer to join with what Oprah Winfrey says. In the occasion, Oprah Winfrey applies positive politeness strategy. It is proved that Oprah asks for someone who asks her about selflessness with selfishness. Oprah : Selflessness with selfishness. Why are you asking me that question? Melissa : It’s kind of tension between putting yourself first, and also, taking care of others. datum number 53 The strategy that Oprah uses in the conversation means she wants the hearer who is one of the audiences to give response about what she thought. In other words, she needs the contribution from the hearer.

c Negative politeness

In the program, Oprah Winfrey employs negative politeness that can be seen in datum number 28. Amanda : Thank you. Oprah : Okay, let me think about that for a moment. Very good. datum number 28 Oprah Winfrey asks for the time to Amanda to continue their conversation about logical decision. In addition, Oprah creates a way to aware with the hearer’s face by using the expression let me think about that for a moment. In the show, Oprah talks about things that remind her when she was in Nelson Mandala’s living room. It is shown in the datum as follows. Amanda : You should do it now. Oprah : I didn’t record it so some things I think was that the 2nd meal or 12th meal. Anyway, so I was sitting in Nelson – sitting with Adiva and we were talking about how, how do you really make an impact in the world. datum number 32 This datum is reflected negative politeness strategy in the statement I think, anyway, and really that are defined as hedge. She uses hedges in a goal to make the statement is to be true or partially true. The next dialogue happens when one of the audiences, Andre, asks Oprah Winfrey about the most interviewee and the reason why she loves it. Andre : And then we had Javier Hernandez, who asked, Oprah, who has been your favorite interviewee and why? Oprah : Well, actually, I would have to say, there’s so many over the year and the truth is that the people whose names that I can’t even remember and you probably wouldn’t remember, have been the most revelatory, the most impactful datum number 43 Oprah responds Andre’s question using negative politeness in you probably. She gives the expression as a way to deliver her idea that the hearer does not remember about the most impactful event.

d Off record

Off record politeness strategy is a method to aware with the hearer’s face. It is presented in datum number 3. Amanda : And I thought some of these quotes, I mean you share so much wisdom but these really spoke to me, and thought it would be a great way to frame our discussion. Oprah : Okay datum number 3 Oprah answers the explanation from the host, Amanda Facelle, just by saying Okay. The statement is classified as an off record politeness strategy because she makes the statement then the hearer has to interpret what Oprah said by using the hint of her word Okay. Amanda : Did you know that you wanted to get into TV and media specifically? Oprah : No, I did not. I thought I was going to be a teacher. datum number 4 This conversation, it is considered as off record in the statement No, I did not because Oprah states more than one answer in the same meaning. It gives the hints to the hearer for what she stated. In that occasion, Amanda as the host asks Oprah about the future that will bring her to TV and media. The next example of off record can be shown in the dialogue between Oprah and Amanda in the datum number 44. Amanda : But you made him cry Amanda. Oprah : I didn’t make him cry, I didn’t make him cry, Amanda. datum number 44 The datum reflects the use of off record. It is defined as off record because Oprah states indirectly and contradictively regarding what has being told in the program. The utterance takes place when Oprah gives statement to Amanda that she does not make one of the audiences cry, yet the audience is crying. 2 Realizations of Politeness Strategies Performed by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top Program in 2014 a. Bald on record According to Brown and Levinson’s theory in Goody’s book 1978, the realizations of bald on record are divided into eight realizations. In this analysis, the reseacher found three out of eight realizations. Those are metaphorical urgency for emphasis, task-oriented, and FTA-oriented-bald on record-usage. For the detail analysis can be stated as follows. 1 Metaphorical urgency for emphasis Oprah Winfrey applies metaphorical urgency for emphasis in datum number 19. Amanda : What are the qualities of your leadership that make you successful at such diverse pursuits? And what works in one area that maybe doesn’t work in another? Oprah : Well, I tell you. It works in all areas because I, my life is fueled by my being. datum number 19 In the conversation, it is proved that she emphasizes the word Well in the beginning of her utterance. She wants the audiences to pay attention to her story on how willingness is very important in her career. The statement happens when Amanda comes with a question which is about what works for in one area and that maybe does not work in another area. Oprah explains that all works can she does in all areas because she believes her life is filled with the maximum energy and it is purposed to reach her dreams. Therefore, the expression can be seen that the urgency of her statement exists in the moment. Amanda : Yeah. Oprah : First let me answer your question. datum number 38 In that occasion, Oprah Winfrey uses metaphorical urgency for emphasis. It is performed in the statement First that creates an intention to the hearer in order to create the hearer catch attention with her statement. It can be seen on how the urgency is happened in the strategy. The next example related to the use of metaphorical urgency for emphasis in datum number 47. Amanda : There was a version made here too. Oprah : Here? datum number 47 In the dialogue, Amanda talks about a video made by the students of Standford Graduate School of Business. Then, Oprah continues Amanda’s statements by using Here. What Oprah says is categorized as metaphorical urgency for emphasis realization. It is because she emphasizes the word to make that she is enthusiast with Amanda’s statements. 2 Task-oriented An example of how Oprah uses bald on record which is task oriented as follows. Amanda : Is there anything left that you’re scared to try? Oprah : Whoa, Amanda. You must have been up all night long. datum number 35 In the expression, she asks for Amanda to do the task that she must have been up all night long for something that makes her afraid of and it is shown in the statements You must have been up all night long. This utterance happens between Amanda and Oprah where Amanda asks a question about something that makes Oprah scared to try. Another example of task-oriented can be presented in datum number 51. Amanda : Thank you, do we have time for one more? Oprah : You have to, because you can’t end on a question without an answer. datum number 51 Oprah answers Amanda’s question that is whether they are still have time or not. Then, Oprah says You have to, and her words are classified as task-oriented realization. It is because she asks Amanda to continue their conversation. 3 FTA-oriented-bald on record-usage FTA-oriented-bald on record-usage is shown in Oprah’s utterance, when she asks for an audience to stand up. It is proved in the dialogue. Oprah : Stand up, Shenay, so everbody can see you. inviting one of the audiences in the program datum number 54 In the utterance, Oprah asks to Shenay to stand up, in the statement Stand up Shenay. Shenay is one of the audiences of the program and she is a student of Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy. It is followed by the words so everybody can see you that implies Oprah do the FTA to Shenay with an aim that Shenay as the hearer will accept and do what Oprah asks for. Oprah states the statement because she wants to encourage the audiences that woman must work to the greatest energy and do the best for achieveing their dreams.

b. Positive politeness

Based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, positive politeness strategy has fifteen realizations. Twelve out of fifteen realizations: notice and attend to hearer, exaggerate, intensify interest to hearer, use in group identity markers, seek agreement, presupposeraiseassert a common groud, joke, assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge, offer and promise, be optimistic, and tell or ask for reason are applied by Oprah Winfrey to deliver her ideas in View From The Top program in 2014. For the further description, it can be presented as follows. 1 Notice and attend to hearer Datum number 36 in the following conversation shows how Oprah notices and attends to hearer. Amanda : I’ve prepared a little bit. Just a little. Oprah : Oh. My Goodness. Anything left that I’m scared to try? No. No, and I’m just trying to think what --- I’m just trying to think, well, is there something that I haven’t thought of. datum number 36 Oprah employs the expression Oh. My Goodness in order to catch the attention from the audiences, then they pay attention to her. The context of the expression is on how Oprah explains that even though anything has gone, she is not scared to try and try again. 2 Exaggerate Oprah states the expression that is categorized as positive politeness strategy through exaggeration in datum number 1. Oprah : Love, love love. Tweet, tweet. Whoo You. Amanda : Hi Oprah. I can’t believe I just said that. datum number 1 The utterance is called exaggerate because Oprah states Love, love, love and Tweet tweet, and those are being stressed. It is proved that exaggerate strategy happens by using exaggerate intonation or stress. In the occasion, Oprah shows the strategy as a greeting to the audiences in the beginning of the program. Another example of how Oprah applies exaggeration as follows. Amanda : Yeah. Thank you. Oprah : Good job datum number 56 In the dialogue, Oprah employs exaggerate information. It is because the expression Good job is being stressed which has a purpose to make a close statement in the program. 3 Intensify interest to hearer Based on Goody’s book 1978, intensify interest to hearer occurs when the hearer is being involved in the communication. It is proved in the dialogue that can be seen below. Oprah : My father still had an 11 o’clock curfew. Can you believe a thing? That I am --- that I am the 10 o’clock anchor in Nashville Tennessee. Amanda : Yeah. datum number 5 Then, in her statements, she performs positive politeness strategy, that is intensify interest to hearer. Due the fact that Oprah using a question to the hearer in the statements, it has a purpose to make the hearer listen and contribute her explanation that can be seen in the expression Can you believe a thing. In the program, Oprah tells that her father is strict to her. When she starts her job as a TV anchor that is airing at 10 p.m, yet her father has a rule that she must back home at 11 p.m. Another example of intensify interest to hearer that is performed by Oprah can be presented as follows. Amanda : You know, you have your own network, you had this amazingly succesful show for 25 years. You’ve been in movies. You are one of the most important philanthropists of our time. So, what are the qualities? Oprah : I love hanging around you what else are you going to say? I’m just taking it all in. datum number 16 Oprah applies the statement by employing positive politeness strategy, intensify interest to hearer. The strategy occurs when Oprah makes a question on what else are you going to say and then she answers it by herself using the statement I’m just taking it all in. The goal why Oprah did the strategy because she needs the hearer Amanda and audiences to cooperate in the conversation. Intensify interest to hearer realization is also found in datum number 41. Oprah : Everybody has a class at 1:15, right? Okay, I’ll get you out of here. They told me hard out. One o’clock. Amanda : Yeah. But so we think we have, do we have a first question from Twitter, coming forward? datum number 41 In the conversation, Oprah uses intensify interest to hearer. She employs the question that is Everybody has a class at 1:15, right? She applies right, and then she continues with the next statement, in order to make the contribution from Amanda to get involved in the communication. In this context, Oprah asks when she finishes in the program, yet it is still airing because Amanda has the next question to her. 4 Use in group identity markers The example of use in group identity markers realization can be shown in datum number 10. Amanda : I figured I had you here, I was going to – I was going to ask as much as I can. Oprah : Oh, Amanda went deep on me for a minute there. Whoa. Back up sister girl, c’mon, back up. datum number 10 Oprah uses the strategy of positive politeness that is group identity markers. It is proved that she addresses Amanda by using sister girl. In that context, Oprah applies the strategy to make the show is not very serious and of course it is kind of an entertaining act to the audiences. 5 Seek agreement An example of seeking agreement is in the conversation between Oprah and Amanda about Ku Klux Kan who ever been interviewed by Oprah Winfrey. Amanda : He was thinking. Oprah : He was thinking. So, he comes on with the wife and the girlfriend. This is life changing moment for me. datum number 15 In the middle of Oprah’s story, Amanda interrupts what Oprah said by using He was thinking. Then, in the program, Oprah repeats Amanda’s statements that is He was thinking. It is proved on how seek agreement exists in the strategy. By doing the repetition, Oprah emphasizes Amanda’s statement in a purpose that Oprah agrees with Amanda’s idea. Another example of how Oprah uses seeking agreemet which can be presented as follows. Amanda : To reach everyone. Oprah : To reach everyone. And there’s no way that you wouldn’t. Because that, that’s what I truly feel. datum number 22 In the show, Oprah repeats Amanda’s statement To reach everyone that is defined as positive politeness, seek agremeent. She states the words to agree with Amanda’s idea about to reach every person in every area on the carreer that people get. Oprah also applies seeking agreement in the datum number 46. Amanda : You could tell it was real. Oprah : Yeah. It was very real and so we said, we got to save the brother. datum number 46 Oprah repeats Amanda’s statement that is It was real. What she says in the occasion is considered as positive politeness, seek agreement focused on repetition. The function of using the repetition is the speaker needs to stress or emphasize, then the hearer will agree with her statement. 6 Presupposeraiseassert a common ground An example of presupposeraiseassert a common ground is in the conversation between Oprah and Amanda in datum number 40. Oprah : Are we going take some questions? Amanda : Well, yeah, so that’s what I wanted to say. I’d love to put it up. datum number 40 The context of the expression is between Oprah as the guest star and Amanda as the host. Oprah thinks that she equals to Amanda’s knowledge regarding Oprah’s idea. Oprah asks the question in order to convince Amanda that there is another question or not, even Oprah knows that there is more questions. 7 Joke Joke is performed by Oprah in the conversation that is presented in datum number 8. Amanda : Great. So, often in your career. I’m sure you were a minority. Perhaps as the only woman. The only black person, the only person from a poor family. Did this affect you on your professional path? And now how did that impact how you lead and how you might help people who may be feeling that same thing? Oprah : Okay, Amanda, that’s a lot of questions. datum number 8 Oprah’s statement is categorized as a joke because she involves Amanda’s questions that are many questions, and she cut her question by doing that kind of joke in order to make the conversation is closer between the speaker and the hearer. Oprah also uses joke in the dialogue as follows. Amanda : I was a history major so it seemed like a natural. Oprah : I’m a renaissance women. Who knew? Okay, go ahead. datum number 18 In that occasion, the statements performed by Oprah can be categorized as positive politeness concerned with joke. It is proved that she creates a joke in the expression I’m a renaissance women. Who knew? to make the conversation closer. Also, it has an aim to make an enjoyable atmosphere so people in the show are laughing by listening Oprah’s expression. Another example of how Oprah applies joke is in the conversation that is shown in datum number 52. Amanda : We got one. Oprah : I came here to get stumped, yeah. datum number 52 In the program, Amanda tells that there is a student who will ask Oprah Winfrey. Then, Oprah answers Amanda’s statements by using positive politeness focused on joke in the utterance I came here to get stumped. She is not really get stumped, she just shows the strategy to create an enjoying conversation and also it is not to be a serious moment. 8 Assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge and concern for hearer’s wants Oprah Winfrey presuppose her’s knowledge and concern for the hearer’s wants that is reflected in the utterance in datum number 2. Amanda : This campus has been buzzing since the announcement was made last week that you’d be coming here. And I received. Oprah : Thank for the buzz. I’m so glad you know I still have the buzz. So good. datum number 2 Oprah as the speaker wants the hearer to feel what she feels in the beginning of the program that is the nuance of happiness. It is proved in the expression I’m so glad you know. It indicates that she needs the cooperation from the hearer in the communication. 9 Offer and promise An example of offer and promise realization used by Oprah Winfrey is in the dialogue as follows. Amanda : And I was wondering if you were to write a book on women in carees, what would your title be? Oprah : Mine would be, actually. datum number 14 Oprah answers Amanda’s question regarding the title that would be named if Oprah writes a book about women in career. She promises that “Mine” would be a title of her book, later. Based on the explanation, Oprah employs positive politeness strategy that is focused on giving promise in the statement Mine would be. She makes a promise in the conversation politely as a way to answer Amanda’s question. 10 Be optimistic In the program, Oprah applies be optimistic realization that can be seen in the dialogue as follows. Amanda : So you used that as momentum just to leave, cut your losess and go. Oprah : No, I just said, I filed it away. There will come a time . datum number 12 She states no that means she does not cut her losses but she still works to reach her future. She believes a right time will come to her, then. In the context, she uses the optimistic realization in the statement There will come a time. It can be seen that she is an optimistic person to the hearer so the hearer will cooperate with Oprah’s statement. Another example of be optimistic realization is presented in datum number 27. Amanda : So, how do you strike a balance between emotion and logic? How do you make sure that you’re making logical decisions when you’re giving? Oprah : These are so well thought out. datum number 27 Oprah answers Amanda’s question on how Oprah believes that making decision when she is giving. Oprah has an optimistic expression that those thought in making decision are well. What Oprah has done is indicated that she uses be optimistic realization. 11 Tell or ask for reason In the show, Oprah asks for reason an audience of the program, Melissa, that is shown in datum number 53. Oprah : Selflessness with selfishness. Why are you asking me that question? Melissa : It’s kind of the tension between putting yourself first and also, taking care of others. datum number 53 In the context of the conversation, Oprah asks for someone who asks her about selflessness with selfishness in the statement Why are you asking me that question. The strategy that Oprah employs in the utterance means she wants the hearer who is one of the audiences to give response about what she thought, although the audiences do not say anything. In other words, she needs the contribution from the hearer.

c. Negative politeness

As stated by Goody 1978, negative politeness strategy has ten realizations. In this study, the researcher acquired three out of ten realizations on negative politeness. Those are be conventionally indirect, question and hedge, and be optimistic. The more explanation can be stated as follows. 1 Be conventionally indirect An example of how Oprah Winfrey uses conventionally indirect that is presented in the convesation as follows. Amanda : Thank you. Oprah : Okay, let me think about that for a moment. Very good. datum number 28 Oprah employs negative politeness that is categorized as be conventionally indirect. The expression is indirect because Oprah asks for the time to Amanda to continue their conversation about logical decision. It is proved in the statement let me think as the expression of indirect request to the hearer. 2 Question, hedge Oprah Winfrey uses hedge that is presented in datum number 9. Amanda : I’m sorry, all right let’s – Oprah : Let me put my glasses on. datum number 9 In the conversation, Oprah uses the statement in the form of indirect which has an aim to make a polite way even she can put her glasses without asking permission to Amanda. It is reflected in the words Let me as the hedge to show negative politeness and to make the statement is true. Oprah also performs hedge in the dialogue that can be shown as follows. Amanda : I love it too so we – Oprah : You know, the part I love the most is renaissance woman. As you said that I went, what does that really mean? I don’t know but I like it. datum number 17 In the show, Oprah Winfrey uses negative politeness strategy specifically by using hedge. That statement means that Oprah asks the question to Amanda about a renaissance woman. She employs hedge like really to create that her statement and question are true. Oprah employs hedge that is reflected is in datum number 55. Amanda : But he cried but it was happy tears. Oprah : Yeah, I would have to say. I don’t actually try to make people cry and if I think, literally, we cut a lot of it because he went into the ugly cry. He went into ugly cry. datum number 45 Oprah employs hedge realization. It is proved in the words actually, I think, literally, and these are categorized as hedge. Another example of how Oprah uses hedge is in datum number 55. Amanda : Woman is born. Oprah : That’s why I know my life is bigger than that. datum number 55 In the dialogue, Oprah Winfrey uses negative politeness with hedge realization. It is presented in the statement I know. In the moment, they talk about Oprah’s parents until they have a daughter, Oprah Winfrey. 3 Be pessimistic In the program, Oprah Winfrey uses negative politeness strategy specifically be pessimistic. It is shown in the utterance in datum number 24. Amanda : Thank you. I want to switch gears and focus a bit on philanthropy. Oprah : Are you worried about getting all of your stuff in? datum number 24 Oprah performs negative politeness that classified as be pessimistic realization in the utterance Are you worried about getting all of your stuff in. She has pessimistic expression to Amanda regarding that a job as a host is not only just to talk but also to connect people to ideas and make the audiences have a better life. Oprah also performs pessimistic realization in the conversation as follows. Andre : And then we had Javier Hernandez, who asked, Oprah, who has been your favorite interviewee and why? Oprah : Well, actually, I would have to say, there’s so many over the years and the truth is that the people whose names that I can’t even remember, have been the most revelatory, the most impactful. datum number 43 She is a pessimistic person in the statement You probably wouldn’t remember..., when one of the audiences asks her about the most person who had inspired her in Oprah Winfrey Show, yet she does not remember. She states the realization as a way to deliver her ideas indirectly and not to impose the hearer’s face.

d. Off record

Off record strategy is divided into fifteen realizations. Based on the analysis, the researcher just only found three out of fifteen realizations: understate, overstate, and be ironic. For the detail analysis, it can be shown as follows. 1 Understate The first realization of off record by Oprah is understate. It is presented in datum number 25. Amanda : No, we’re doing great. We’re just going to keep going. I think everyone likes this, right? We’re good? Oprah : Okay. datum number 25 The statement stated by Oprah Winfrey is categorized as understate because she just says Okay to answer Amanda’s question and also to convince her that they are good in doing what they have done. In addition, she employs the realization in a goal to give an informative answer as required. Oprah also uses understatement in the dialogue as follows. Amanda : So we all know now what we have to do, right? Oprah : Yeah. datum number 39 Oprah Winfrey performs off record on understate realization. She just answers yeah for Amanda’s question about what they have to do. It is called understate because she says as informative based on the question without giving more explanation on it. Another example of how Oprah performs understate realization is in datum number 50. Amanda : We’re going to take one from the audience now. Oprah : Yeah. datum number 50 In the conversation, Oprah just responds Amanda’s statement related to the next question from the audiences by saying Yeah. It is because her statement means that she states the word shortly as required and not to add more information. 2 Overstate The next realization is overstate. An example of overstatement is in the conversation as follows. Amanda : Did you know that you wanted to get into TV and media specifically? Oprah : No, I did not. I thought I was going to be teacher. datum number 4 In the occasion, Amanda as the host asks Oprah about the future that will bring her to TV and media. Oprah answers Amanda’s question by using overstate realization. She says more statements than are needed as required, because she can answer the question just only by using no. Another example of how Oprah uses overstatement is in datum number 6. Amanda : Okay. So you discovered talk then, right? Around that time? Oprah : I didn’t discover talk. I was being -- I got demoted. They wanted to fire me but I was -I was under contract. datum number 6 Oprah Winfrey states the statement that is considered as overstate in the utterance I didn’t discover talk. I was being – I got demoted. They wanted to fire me but I was – I was under contract. In that moment, Oprah says that she does not discover talk in the statement I didn’t discover talk and she answers Amanda’s question by using more explanation on it whereas Amanda just asks her by employing a question tag. In conclusion, what Oprah has done is called overstate. 3 Be ironic In the show, Oprah uses an ironic statement in the conversation between Oprah and Amanda as follows. Amanda : But you made him cry Amanda. Oprah : I didn’t make him cry. I didn’t make him cry, Amanda. datum number 44 The dialogue is categorized as be ironic realization because Oprah Winfrey states something contradictive in the program. She states that I didn’t make him cry as a clarification from Amanda’s statement that she does not make one of the audiences is crying related to the topic of the conversation, yet the reality is one of the audiences is crying. It implies on how be ironic occurs in the strategy. 3 Sociological Factors Applied by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top Program in 2014 a The social distance D a symmetric relation The first sociological factor influencing the use of politeness strategy is distance. The distance is usually found between two interlocutors which is focused on the closeness relation. Related to the explanation, the analysis explains the detail factor about it. An example of how Oprah employs social distance factor is in datum number 2. Amanda : This campus has been buzzing since the announcement was made last week that you’d be coming here. And I received. Oprah : Thank for the buzz. I’m so glad you know I still have the buzz. So good. datum number 2 It is proved that there is a social attribute between Oprah as the speaker and Amanda as the hearer. In addition, based on the utterance, Oprah applies positive politeness in the realization which is presuppose speaker’s want. She states the statement because she has an aim that she wants the hearer feel what she feels that is about creating the happiness nuance to join and follow the program which is started in the beginning of the program. According to the social attributes between Oprah Winfrey and Amanda Facelle, it indicates a social distance in the communication of the program. The existence of social distance in the beginning of the program is Oprah tries to be closer to Amanda as the host and also the audiences. b The relative power P an asymmetric relation In the show, Oprah Winfrey as a speaker employs power as sociological factor that is presented in the following conversation. Amanda : And I thought some of these quotes, I mean you share so much wisdom but these really spoke to me, and thought it would be a great way to frame our discussion. Oprah : Okay. datum number 3 Power exists between two persons who have different level in a status. It is based on the description shown in datum number 3 that is in utterance Okay. Also, the factor influencing Oprah in doing the strategy is power because Oprah as the speaker has the authority to respond Amanda’s statement in short. c The absolute ranking of imposition R Related to the sociological factor improving in using politeness strategy is rank of imposition. It usually happens in order to ask for something to the hearer. It can be reflected in datum number 13. Amanda : Huh, it’s going to come back. Yeah, you were right. I think you were right. Oprah : When I will be sitting in the same room. And it happened, like, in the late 90s. I had the Oprah show and I ran into that guy. Lord, Jesus, thank you. Oh my God, oh one of the sweetest moments that ever happened. Oh, go ahead. datum number 13 Oprah Winfrey employs bald on record in the task-oriented realization. It can be explained that Oprah states directly to Amanda to give the task in continuing her question in the expression Oh, go ahead. A factor that motivates Oprah to show the strategy is rank of imposition because Oprah needs Amanda to forward her question then. Another example on how Oprah uses rank of imposition is in datum number 29. Amanda : Thank you. Oprah : Okay. Well I would have to say that you need both. You need emotion and you need logic. datum number 29 In the conversation, Oprah has an optimistic expression to the hearer that they need emotion and logic in making decision. The sociological factor that involving Oprah in doing the strategy is rank of imposition. It is proved in Oprah’s statement You need emotion and you need logic. Oprah offers the hearer to think about emotion and logic to decide something and they must have both of them. Based on the three objectives of the study, the types and realizations of politeness strategies are bounded with sociological factors. It motivates people in using politeness strategy to deliver their ideas in the conversation such as talk show or interview. 67

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two sections, i.e., conclusions, the summary of the analysis in the previous chapter, and suggestions.

A. Conclusions

Based on the findings and discussion, the conclusions of the research can be stated as follows. 1. The first objective of the research is to find out the types of politeness strategies that are most often used by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program in 2014. The data of the study are organized based on Brown and Levinson’s theory in Goody’s book 1978 concerning with politeness theory. Based on the findings of the research, the types of politeness strategies that have been found in the analysis are Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off Record. The politeness strategy that is often used by Oprah Winfrey is positive politeness. It is because Oprah as a speaker needs the solidarity and cooperation from the audiences as the hearer and as a way to be respected from the hearer. In addition, she wants to reach a goal in the communication based on the conversation in the program. Negative politeness is the next type of politeness strategies applied by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program in 2014. She performs the strategy in order to keep the consciousness of the hearer’s face and it is not to be inflicted on. It is proved that Oprah’s statement in the occasion as a speaker shows that she does not force the audiences as the hearer to accept what she says. Therefore, the effect of strategy is helpful to give the understanding to the hearer. Off record strategy is a way to deliver the ideas indirectly to the hearer. Of course, in the program, Oprah Winfrey shows off record strategy for the reason that is to raise the hearer’s awareness regarding what Oprah has stated. They can interpret this based on their understanding about the topics of the communication. Bald on record is a type of politeness strategy that is seldom used by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program in 2014. Occasionally, a speaker often shows directly to state his or her opinion. In the program, Oprah just uses bald on record to ask for something and to do a task that aimed to the hearer. Besides, sometimes she emphasizes a word in order to convince the hearer that her statement is true or urgent. 2. The second objective of the research is to identify the realizations of politeness strategies applied by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program in 2014. The data are Oprah Winfrey’s utterances. Positive politeness are repeatedly used by Oprah Winfrey. It is marked with saving the hearer’s faces by the existence of eleven realizations although there are fifteen realizations of positive politeness. Those eleven realizations are notice and attend to hearer, exaggerate, intensify interest to hearer, use in group identity markers, seek agreement, presupposeraiseassert a common ground, joke, presuppose speaker’s knowledge, offer and promise, be optimistic, and ask for reason. From the realizations, seeking agreement is a realization that is often performed by Oprah Winfrey. It is because seeking agreement is a strategy that has a goal to make the hearer agree with the speaker by using safe topics and repetition. In that context, Oprah wants the hearer agree with her ideas. Negative politeness has ten realizations. However, in the research, the researcher found three out of ten realizations. Those are be conventionally indirect, question and hedge, and be pesimistics. Based on the realizations, question and hedge is a strategy often used by Oprah Winfrey, for the reason that hedge is a step for making her statement in answering the questions that can be partially true or fully true. In addition, it is also as a way not to impose the hearer’s face which means the hearer freedom to infer the speaker’s opinion that related to the topic of the conversation. The realizations of off record are divided into fifteen categories. Among them, there are three realizations that exist in the program used by Oprah Winfrey. Understate, overstate, and be ironic are the realizations used. This is signed by Oprah as a speaker who has capabilities on explaining her ideas without using an indirect statement and it is proved by using most of understatement in off record. Thus, understatement is a method to speak her mind as simple as required. Bald on record defines a method to deliver opinion directly. From the definition, bald on record itself has eight realizations. Three of eight realizations are metaphorical urgency for emphasis, task-oriented, and FTA-oriented-bald on record-usage uttered by Oprah Winfrey in the program. Metaphorical urgency for emphasis and task-oriented are often used by Oprah Winfrey on bald on record realizations in order to ask for something to the hearer. 3. The third objective of the research is to investigate the sociological factors influencing the use of politeness strategies performed by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program in 2014. The sociological factor that is mostly used by Oprah Winfrey is social distance. It is marked by the existence of social attribute in the program between Oprah Winfrey as a speaker and Amanda Facelle as a host. Obviously there is a distance between Oprah Winfrey as a well known person and Amanda Facelle as a student of Standford Graduate School of Business. Then, rank of imposition factor shows in some of the data. It is because in the conversation of the talk show, Oprah Winfrey as a speaker seldom delivers her statement to the hearer for doing task or requring something since the talk show as a formal meeting that concerns with discussion to share about some topics. Because of the enjoying nuance in the program time by time, power is less used by Oprah Winfrey. The evidence of the moment is power factor which only appears in the beginning of the program when there is still tension on it.

B. Suggestions

The researcher suggests that the readers who are interested with pragmatic analysis, this thesis can be a reference to add more information and knowledge related to politeness strategies. The researcher also suggests that other researchers who have concerned with pragmatic research, specifically under politeness strategies theory, cover up all the realizations profoundly based on the object such as talk show or interview.