33
1. Notice and attend to hearer
10. Offer, promise 2.
Exaggerate 11. Be optimistic
3. Intensify ineterest to hearer
12. Include both speaker and hearer in the 4.
Use in group identity narkers activity
5. Seek agreement
13. Give or ask for reasons 6.
Avoid disagreement 14. Assume or assert reciprocity
7. Presupposeraiseassert common ground
15. Give gifts to hearer 8.
Joke 9.
Assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern
for hearer’s wants
1. No face redress in great urgency
5. Task -oriented 2.
Metaphorical urgency for emphasis 6. D
o not care to maintain hearer’s face 3.
Metaphorical entreatis 7. Sympathetic advice or warnings
stressing the hearer valuation 8. FTA- oriented- bald on record-usage
4. Channel noise
A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES PERFORMED BY OPRAH WINFREY IN VIEW FROM THE TOP PROGRAM IN 2014
Figure 2: Analytical Construct Pragmatics
Speech act Deixis
Reference Politeness
Politeness Strategies
Bald on record
Positive politeness
Negative politeness 1.
Be conventionally indirect 6. Apologize
2. Question, hedge
7. Impersonalize 3.
Be pessimistic 8. State the FTA as a general rule
4. Minimize the imposition
9. Nominalize 5.
Give deference 10. Go on record as incurring a debt or as not
indebting the hearer 1.
Give hints 9. Use metaphor
2. Give association clues
10. Use rhetorical questions 3.
Presuppose 11. Be ambigious
4. Understate
12. Be vague 5.
Overstate 13. Over-generalize
6. Use tautologies
14. Displace the hearer 7.
Use contradictions 15. Be incomplete, use ellipsis
8. Be ironic
Implicature
Sociological Factors
Oprah Winfrey
’s Interview in View
From The
Top Program in 2014
Realizations Context
1. Distance
2. Power
3. Rank of imposition
Off record
34
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter deals with the method applied to investigate the objectives of the research. This chapter consists of research type, forms, contexts, and sources
of data, research instruments, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques, and data trustworthiness.
A. Research Type
Descriptive qualitative research is a type of research that focuses on the analysis of language phenomenon in textual description. In accordance with the
statement, Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009 : 7 state that qualitative research is the study that deals with narrative way of the case under the research. Based on
the previous statement, this research employed a descriptive qualitative research since it aimed to analyze the existence of politeness strategy performed by
Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top program on April 28, 2014 as the language phenomenon which was analyzed in a narrative way of the research.
B. Forms, Context, and Source of Data
The data were in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences found in the utterances of Oprah Winfrey that contain the types of politeness strategies.
The context of the data was the dialogues or conversations. Meanwhile, the source of data was the transcript of the interview in View From The Top on April
26, 2014 entitled “Oprah Winfrey on Career, Life, and Leadership” that was taken from a web page http:www.singjupost.com.
C. Research Instruments
Research instrument is defined as a tool to prove the data analysis. In line with the statement, Vanderstoep and Johnston 2009 : 188 state that the main
instrument of the research is human. Thus, the researcher herself was the primary instrument of the research. In addition, there was the data sheet as the
secondary instrument of this research to support the data analysis. The example of data sheet of politeness strategies and sociological factors involving
politeness strategies can be seen as follows. Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Politeness Strategies and Sociological Factors
used by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top Program in 2014
No. Data
Types and Realizations Sociological
Factors Explanation
BR PP
NP OR
D P
R
1. Love,
love love.
Tweet, tweet. Whoo You.
2 √
Oprah greets the audiences of the
program by
employing the
expression categorized
as positive politeness
strategy focused
on exaggerate. It was because she
used exaggerate
information in the statements
that were
being stressed.
In addition,
there was
a social
distance between
Oprah as
the speaker and the
audiences who
were the students in
Stanford Graduate School
of Business.
