apologize expression in the use of the statement sorry which is to show polite expression especially in negative politeness strategy.
7 Impersonalize
In the opinion of Goody 1978 : 190, he states that impersonalize is a way on how the speaker tells something to the hearer without mentioning the name or
someone’s pronoun whom the speaker talks to. An example of impersonalize according to Goody 1978 : 190 is in the utterance, ”It is so”. The speaker does
not mention he or she, but the speaker states what he or she wants to say directly without mentioning someone’s pronoun.
8 State the FTA as a general rule
Based on Goody 1978 : 206, the strategy is a way on how the speaker does not want to use pronoun like you, me, or so on because the speaker uses the
words in common, so the hearer can join and follow what the speaker says. An example of the strategy illustrated by Goody 1978 : 206 is in the expression,
“Passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train”. In the example, the speaker asks for the hearer passengers to do something, yet the
speaker does not mention you which refers to the passengers, but directly mentions passengers. It can be concluded that the speaker states the FTA as a
general rule in the communication.
9 Nominalize
The realization is named nominalize. According to Goody 1978 : 207, he explains that the realization happens when the speaker makes the statement to
the hearer and it can be stated into two forms and so on. The example of
nominalize shown in Goody 1978 : 207 is “You performed well on the examinations and we were favourably impressed”. The example can nominalize
as Your performing well on the examinations impressed us favouably and your good performance on the examinations impressed us favorably.
10 Go on record as incurring a debt or as not indebting the hearer
Goody 1978 : 210 defines that the last realization of negative politeness strategy is a way when the speaker requests or offers to the hearer and the hearer
has to do something to the speaker or requester. It is proved by Goody 1978 : 210 in the utterance, “I’ll never be able to repay you if you...”. The example is
categorized as request that means the speaker says directly to the hearer regarding what the main topic of the requesting without making more
explanations. In addition, the speaker needs the hearer to do something to the speaker as a requesting.
d. Off record politeness strategy
Based on Goody 1978 : 211, off record is such a way when the speaker or actor makes the act to the hearer where the hearer has to give the interpretation
on what the speaker says or acts, and it is possible more than one interpretation. In other words, the speaker wants to do FTA and the hearer has to decide how to
understand and interpret it. There are fifteen realizations of off record politeness strategy that are listed as follow.
1 Give hints
According to Goody 1978, the first strategy is when the speaker does not say something explicity and the speaker wants the hearer makes the
interpretation on what the speaker said. An example of give hints shown in Goody 1978 : 215 is “It’s cold in here”. The speaker says the statement to the
hearer that she or he has the hidden message to the hearer. In addition, she or he has to close the window. The hearer has to give interpretation from the hints in
the statement.
2 Give association clues
Goody 1978 : 215 emphasizes that the strategy happens when the speaker and hearer have mutual knowledge on the topic in the conversation, for example,
in the utterance, “Oh God, I’ve got a headache again”. It is classified as giving association clues because the speaker requests to the hearer to borrow the
swimsuit and they have an association whether the speaker wants to borrow the hearer’s swimsuit or the speaker has a headache.
3 Presuppose
Yule 1998 : 25 states that presupposition is something when the speaker presupposes to be the main focus of the prior and it is proved in the utterance,
“Mary’s brother bought three horses”. The example means that the speaker will be expected to the hearer that Mary is a person who has a brother and he has a
lot of money so he buys three horses. In other words, the hearer will give the presupposition from the speaker whether it could be right or wrong in the fact.
4 Understate
Holtgraves’s idea 2002 : 44 states that understate occurs when the speaker violates the quantity of maxim which is as informative as required. The example
of the strategy given by Holtgraves 2002 : 44 is in the utterance, “It’s OK”. It
is reflected as understate because the speaker just speaks OK that means she or he gives less-than positive response to the hearer.
5 Overstate
Holtgraves 2002 : 44 defines that overstate works at the time when the speaker gives more statements that are needed as required and it can be seen in
the example, “The line in the grocery was a mile long”. The illustration is categorized as overstate due to the fact that the speaker gives more statements
like a mile long which is the speaker actually can just say with a long or it can be said that the speaker does not give more statements that refers overstatement.
6 Use tautologies
In reference with Yule 1998 : 35, he emphasizes that using tautologies means a strategy concerned on the speaker who intends to communicate more
than is said or spoken. The example of the strategy that illustrated by Yule 1998 : 35 is in the utterance, “A hamburger is a hamburger”. It can be explained that
what the speaker has said does not have the value of communication because she or he is actually wants to communicate more to the hearer.
7 Use contradictions
According to Holtgraves 2002 : 44, he states that using contradictions is a way to respond the question in a polite way that means violating the relation
maxim. The example of the strategy shown in Holtgraves 2002 : 44 is when the speaker asks to hearer, “What do you think of my new coat?”, and then the hearer
answers, “Oh, where do you get it?”. In the illustration, the hearer responds the speaker’s question by not saying that the coat is bad or good, but he or she uses
contradiction by employing the question too, and it is a way to give a negative opinion in a polite way by violating the maxim of relation between two
interlocutors.
8 Be ironic
Holtgraves 2002 : 44 defines that be ironic is a strategy when the speaker says the opposite thing of the truth to the hearer. An example of be ironic can be
seen in Holtgraves’s book 2004 : 44 is in the expression, “That’s briliant”. In the example, the speaker states That’s briliant in the idea or something which is
not briliant and it indicates on how be ironic works in the strategy.
9 Use metaphor
Holtgraves 2002 : 44 states that using metaphor in the strategy is used to violate what the truth and it can be seen in the example, “My job is a jail”. The
statement employs the words a jail that is classified as metaphor in which jail in the expression refers to the the speaker who is feeling that she or he does not like
their job because she or he is not comfort with the job and so on. The word jail in the context is a metapor that is not jail in the literal meaning called a prison.
10 Use rhetorical questions
Based on Holtgraves 2002 : 44, he believes that the strategy happens to infringe what is true. In other words, it can be said that the speaker intentionally
uses the strategy in a purpose to make an unclear or hanging answer. It is proved in the example that given by Holtgraves 2002 : 44 in the utterance, “Did
someone leave the light on?”. The example is categorized as rhetorical question
