Off record politeness strategy

contradiction by employing the question too, and it is a way to give a negative opinion in a polite way by violating the maxim of relation between two interlocutors. 8 Be ironic Holtgraves 2002 : 44 defines that be ironic is a strategy when the speaker says the opposite thing of the truth to the hearer. An example of be ironic can be seen in Holtgraves’s book 2004 : 44 is in the expression, “That’s briliant”. In the example, the speaker states That’s briliant in the idea or something which is not briliant and it indicates on how be ironic works in the strategy. 9 Use metaphor Holtgraves 2002 : 44 states that using metaphor in the strategy is used to violate what the truth and it can be seen in the example, “My job is a jail”. The statement employs the words a jail that is classified as metaphor in which jail in the expression refers to the the speaker who is feeling that she or he does not like their job because she or he is not comfort with the job and so on. The word jail in the context is a metapor that is not jail in the literal meaning called a prison. 10 Use rhetorical questions Based on Holtgraves 2002 : 44, he believes that the strategy happens to infringe what is true. In other words, it can be said that the speaker intentionally uses the strategy in a purpose to make an unclear or hanging answer. It is proved in the example that given by Holtgraves 2002 : 44 in the utterance, “Did someone leave the light on?”. The example is categorized as rhetorical question because the speaker leaves the question to the hearer by an unpredictable and hanging answer so it can be named as a rhetorical question. 11 Be ambigious Goody 1978 : 225 states that the realization works on how the speaker says the ambigious statement to the hearer in order to make the conversation be polite, and sometimes the speaker uses metaphor. An example of the strategy shown by Goody 1978 : 225 is in the utterance, “John’s a pretty sharp cookie”. The example means that what the speaker says about John could be a compliment or an insult and it is based on the conotation or the meaning in metaphor like a pretty sharp cookie. 12 Be vague Goody 1978 : 226 emphasizes that the strategy happens when the speaker states the expression vaguely so that the hearer can get the meaning of the statement by the expression. An example of be vague in Goody 1978 : 226 is “I’m going you-know-where”. It has the meaning that the speaker wants to go to a place but she or he does not say directly where the place is. In addition, without mentioning the place, the hearer can get the meaning where the place is. 13 Over-generalize Based on Goody 1978 : 226, he defines that the strategy happens when the speaker gives the statement without addressing the name of the hearer. An example of over generalize shown in Goody’s book 1978 is in the utterance, “Mature people sometimes help do the dishes”. The statement means that the speaker needs a help to the hearer as a mature or adult person to help doing the dishes. It could be said that the speaker generalize the people yet she or he points a person around her or him. 14 Displace the hearer Goody 1978 : 226 believes that the strategy occurs on how the speaker wants the hearer to do something, but in the situation where there is a person who is nearer than the hearer from something that the speaker wants. An example of displace the hearer is in the utterance, “The secretary, give me a pen, please”. In this context, the speaker wants the hearer for example secretary to give her or him a pen, but the pen is located on someone who is nearer than the hearer, then someone gives the pen to the speaker and the hearer does not do nothing to the speaker. 15 Be incomplete, use ellipsis In the idea of Goody 1978 : 227, he states that the realization occurs by using elliptical utterances in the context of the statement. An example of the realization that performed by Goody 1978 : 227 is in the expression, “Ohh sir, a headache”. The context of the expression is that the speaker says to the hearer that the speaker is now has a headache and she or he needs the advice from the hearer related to a headache. 4 . Sociological Factors Goody 1978 states that sociological variables involve the use of politeness strategy. In addition, there are three sociological variables that stated in the following section. a The social distance D a symmetric relation Goody 1978 : 77 defines that this variable is focused on how the speaker and the hearer have their own goal to do the act or give the statement. In addition, that thing is involved by the frequency of the interaction between two interlocutors, social attributes, and also the closeness in the relation. An example of this factor is shown in a conversation between a student and a professor in which the context of the conversation was in the class when the professor points and asks the student to explain the diagram. Professor : You, explain the diagram Student : Yes, Sir. In the conversation, there is a degree of social distance between the student and his or her professor that the professor says directly you without mentioning the name but the student gives the respect to the professor by employing the use of Sir. b The relative power P an asymmetric relation According to Goody 1978 : 77, the factor occurs when there is the existence of relative power. The variable of power usually happens between two persons where in one is a higher level than the other or it can be called as a status. The example of the factor is shown in the conversation between a manager and his secretary where the secretary gives the information to his or her manager about the meeting. Secretary : Excuse me, Sir. There is a meeting at 1 p.m. in the second floor. Manager : Okay. The example shows that there is the existence of power where the secretary speaks politely by using permission such “Excuse me, Sir” but the manager just answers “Okay” without giving the explanation, and of course it is reflected how the social power exists in the conversation. c The absolute ranking R of imposition Based on Goody’s opinion related to the factor 1978 : 77, he believes that the absolute ranking of imposition is deliberated to interfere the speaker’s wants of self determination and of approval. The component that involve the use of rank of imposition is the imposition from the speaker. In addition, rank order of imposition is divided into rank order of imposition requiring services and rank order of imposition requiring goods. The example of the factor is shown in the utterance, “You must write the essay in the topic of Indonesia election as the final exam of the subject” in the context that the speaker asks the hearer to write the essay and then the hearer has to obligate what the speaker said. That is of course an evidence on how rank of imposition works in the expression.

B. View From The Top

View From The Top is a program which is developed by the student-led in Stanford Graduate School of Business. The program was airing since 2009 and it has a goal to create and support the students on how to get rich learning experiences after they graduate from Stanford Graduate School of Business to start their carreer. The program shows the great leaders who are responsible in their career to share their experiences in the parts of economy, government, politics, social, and so on. Also, they can discuss the ideas on it. Figure 1: Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top Program in 2014 The object of the research was View From The Top edition on April 28, 2014 with Oprah Winfrey as the speaker for the program and Amanda Facelle who is a student in Stanford Graduate School of Business as the host. The interview talks about career, life, and leadership of Oprah Winfrey since she was a child until her career now. In that occasion, Oprah herself speaks and gives the detail on her career, life, and the importance of listening the instincs. The audiences of the event are the students of Stanford Graduate School of Business.

C. Previous Studies

Two studies which are related to this research are the international journal of Politeness Strategies Usage in Accompanying Assertive Illocutionary Acts on Barack Obama’s Speech and Interview Towards The Development of Islamic Center Near Ground Zero written by Karbelani Aulia 2013 and an undergraduate thesis from State Islamic University Syarif Hidayutllah Jakarta entitled An Analysis of Politeness Strategy in Putra Nababan’s Interview with Barack Obama written by Muh. Shohibussirri 2011. Karbelani Aulia’s journal analyzed the utterances of the types in politeness strategies focused on assertive illucotionary acts in Obama’s speech. It was based on Brown and Levinson’s theory concerned with politeness strategy and Leech’s theory of illocutionary acts. The final result of the research were three kinds of illocutionary acts found in the data: statement, assertion, and report. Those illocutionary acts were used with three politeness strategies found in the data: positive politeness, negative politeness and off record. Negative politeness strategy was the most frequently used by Barack Obama in his speech. The example of negative politeness by Barack Obama was in the utterance, “As a citizen, and as a President, I believe that Muslims have the same right to practise their religion as everyone else in this country”. It was called as negative politeness because there was believe that has a function from the speaker to give the hearer freedom to interpret Obama’s utterances. Another research was conducted by Muh. Shohibussirri, he investigated the kinds of politeness strategy chosen by Putra Nababan and Barack Obama when they were in a interview. He conducted the research by applying the theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson in Goody’s book 1978. The conclusion of the research was Putra Nababan frequently used positive politeness strategy in a goal that he tried to be polite. The example of positive politeness used by Nababan in the interview was in the utterance, “Is it true that you used to tease your family classmates to get their attention?”. It was considered as positive politenes because Nababan applied the utterance as a joke to create an enjoying moment in the occasion. Then, Obama used less negative politeness strategy than more positive politeness strategy. The similarity of two studies and this research is the research uses the theory of politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson in Goody’s book 1978 like Aulia and Shohibussiriri had done. On the other hand, the difference between two studies and this research is the object of the study.

D. Conceptual Framework

This research focuses on pragmatic approach specifically politeness area. By applying Politeness Strategies theory by Brown and Levinson, this study is conducted. This research finds out the types of politeness strategies that are used by Oprah Winfrey in View From The Top Program in 2014 which consists