A. Theoretical Review 1. Translation
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
a. Notions of Translation
Translation is a process of translating text from a language to another to make people understand the information of the text without necessarily learning
the source language first. Translation has various definitions depending on the experts who give such a definition.
Practically every definitions of translation emphasize how one particular language deals with other languages. More specifically, it solves the
problem of diversity among languages. Nida in Machali 1998:1 describes that translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Looking at the definitions above, it can be said that translation is
a process to transfer the same message from a SL to a TL with the closest natural meaning.
Moreover, Munday 2001:5 says that the term translation refers to the general subject field, the product and the process. Translation as a product is the
text that has been translated. It centers on translation product produced by translator. Translation as a process focuses on the act of producing the translation.
It focuses on the translator ‟s activity to translate. It deals with the role of translator
in transferring meaning and message. Additionally, the process of translation
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between two different languages involves the activity of translator conveying message of source text in the source language into target text in different language
or the target language. Translating is not only about transferring languages but also about
cultures. “Translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into
another, it is now rightly seen as a process of negotiation between texts and between cultures, a process during which all kinds of transactions take place
mediated by the figure of the translator. ” Bassnett, 2002: 6. Similarly, on their
book, A Companion to Translation Study, Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau 2007: 23 describe translation is not only about language but also culture, for the
two are inseparable. A translator needs to know the language as well as the culture of the country of the information or text from that he would like to translate.
The cultural aspect is very important in translation because culture is embedded in language. Mostly, the information that people would like to transfer
are in texts, whether it is from books, articles, brochures, or anything else. From texts, linguistic acts take place in a context and texts are created in a continuum or
one series. The culture in translation studies reflects the culture in other disciplines,
which is an unavoidable result of the need for greater intercultural awareness in the world. It gives people a chance to understand more about the complexities of
textual transfer, about what happens to texts as they move into new contexts, and the rapidly changing patterns of cultural interaction in the world where people
inhabit.
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